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Genetics-Myrick
9th grade Biology- Genetics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Genetics | the study of heredity |
| true-breeding | self-pollination- would produce offspring identical to parent (ex TT or tt |
| Genes | chemical factors that determine traits |
| Alleles | the different forms of a gene (ie short and tall) |
| hybrids | the offspring of crosses between parents with different traits |
| traits | specific characteristics that vary from one individual to another (inherited) |
| Principle of dominance | some alleles are dominant and others are recessive. An organism with a dominant will always exhibit that form. (Tt) Recessive is exhibited only when Dominant isn't there . (tt) |
| gametes | sex cell |
| segregation | during gamete formation the alleles separate so that each gamete carries a copy of each gene so they can combine and produce TT, Tt, Tt, tt. Makes expression of recessive gene possible 1/4 of the time (tt) |
| probability | the likelihood that an a particular event will occur |
| Punnett Squares | A diagram used to show the gene combinations that can result from a genetic cross |
| homozygous | organisms that have two identical alleles (TT or tt) (Homo means same) Example of true breeding |
| heterozygous | organisms that have two different alleles for teh same trait (Tt), example of hybrid |
| phenotype | physical characteristics (ex tall) of an organism |
| genotype | genetic makeup of an organism |
| Example of same Phenotype with different genotype (using T and t for tall) | TT and Tt is Tall phenotype. TT and Tt have different genotypes. One is homozygous and the other is heterozygous |
| Do probabilities predict the precise outcome of an individual event? | False. It is random like a coin flip |
| Independent Assortment | genes segregate independently during the formation of gametes. Why you get lots of genetic variations in plants, animals and other organisms. |
| Incomplete dominance | one allele is not completely dominant over another. The heterozygous phenotype is somewhere in between the two homozygous phenotypes (ex red flower crossed with white makes pink flower) |
| Codominance | both alleles contribute to the phenotype of the organism (Ex. black feather chicken dominant and white feather dominant combine and make speckled black and white feathers) |
| Multiple alleles | genes have more than two alleles (coat color in rabbits have four alleles which can produce four possible coat colors)(only inherit 2alleles) |
| Polygenic Traits | traits controlled by to or more genes. (ex. skin color in humans comes in many colors because more than four different genes control trait) phenotypes the result of interaction of several genes often on different chromosomes |
| characteristics of an organism are determined by two factors | Genes and the environment (ex. sunflower height predetermined by genetics, but also amount of sun and rain it gets also effects the height) |
| pollen grain | male gametes in plants are located here |
| ovule | female gametes in plants are located here |
| sperm cells | male gametes in animals |
| egg cells | female gametes in animals |
| fertilization | the uniting of male and female gametes |
| pollination | the transfer of male pollen grains to the female organ of the flower |
| The two different terms that mean the same gene combination (Ex .TT or tt) | homozygous and purebred |
| The two different terms that mean different gene combinations | hybrid and heterozygous |
| Dominant | trait that is seen when a dominant gene is paired with a recessive gene |
| Recessive | trait that can only be seen when two recessive genes are paired together |
| seen | Two alleles or gene forms one from the male and one from the female, are needed for traits to be expressed. What do we mean by expressed |
| P1 | The letter notation to represent the original parents in a cross |
| F1 and F2 | The letter notations to represent the first generation offspring (son or daughter) and the second generation offspring (son or daughter) |
| Dihybrid | A two factor cross which involves two traits |
| Law of segregation | Law that states that the two alleles for each trait must separate when sex cells are formed. |
| Law of Independent Association | Law that states that different traits are inherited independently of each other. |
| Homologous chromosomes | Pair of chromosomes--one from the father and one from the mother. |
| Diploid | Cell that has 2 complete sets of chromosomes- one from each parent that have two complete sets of genes. (ex. any body cell (not sex cells) |
| Haploid | Cell that has one set of chromosomes (one set of genes) which is half of amount that a normal body cell for that type of individual |
| Chromosome | Tightly coiled microscopic structures made mostly of DNA that appear banded because they consist of sections of DNA (genes) that code for the production of proteins and therefore determine a trait. Each of test consists of millions of bases. |
| Meiosis | A process of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in a cell by going through two cell divisions to take one diploid and produce four haploid. |
| Crossing over | The exchange of chromosome parts (genes) between two homologous chromosomes as they touch each other when the sister chromatids form a tetrad in Prophase I. |
| Gene Map | A listing of the known genes on a chromosome that are named after the problem that the abnormal alleles cause. |
Created by:
murphy1717
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