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Honors Bio Genetics
Freshman Honors Biology - Ch. 9 & 12 Genetics
| Vocab Word | Definition | Cause | Symptoms | Inheritance Pattern/Chromosome |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| genetics | the field of biology devoted to understanding how characteristics are transmitted from parents to offspring | |||
| heredity | the transmission of chracteristics from parents to offspring | |||
| trait | a genetically determined variant of a characteristic | |||
| pollination | process during which pollen grains produced in the anthers are transferred to the stigma | |||
| self-pollination | process during which pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma of either the same flower or another flower on the same plant | |||
| cross-pollination | process of pollination that occurs between flowers of two plants | |||
| true-breeding | pure; always produce offspring with that trait | |||
| p generation | true-breeding parents | |||
| f1 generation | first filial generation | |||
| f2 generation | second filial generation | |||
| dominant | factor that masks or dominates the factor for the other trait in the pair | |||
| recessive | factor that is dominated or masked by the other trait in the pair | |||
| law of segregation | law stating that a pair of factors is segregated, or separated, during the formation of gametes (meiosis) | |||
| law of independent assortment | law stating that factors seperate independently of one another during the formation of gametes (meiosis) | |||
| allele | eachof two or more alternative forms of a gene | |||
| genotype | an organism's genetic makeup | |||
| phenotype | an organism's appearance | |||
| homozygous | when both alleles of a pair are alike | |||
| heterozygous | when the two alleles in a pair are different | |||
| probability | the likelihood that a specific event will occur | |||
| monohybrid cross | a cross in which only one characteristic is tracked | |||
| dihybrid cross | a cross in which two characteristics are tracked | |||
| punnett square | a diagram used to predict the probable distribution of inherited traits in the offspring of two parents | |||
| genotypic ratio | the ratio of the genotypes that appear in off spring | |||
| phenotypic ratio | the ratio of the offspring's phenotypes | |||
| testcross | the crossing of an individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual | |||
| complete dominance | a relationship in which one allele is compeltely dominant over the other | |||
| incomplete dominance | when the phenotype of a heterozygote is intermediate between the phenotypes determined by the dominant and recessive traits | |||
| codominance | when both alleles for a gene are expressed in a heterozygous offspring | |||
| sex chromosome | chromosome containing genes that determine the sex of an individual | |||
| autosome | another chromosome that isn't directly involved in dermining the sex of an individual | |||
| SRY gene | Sex-determining Region Y gene | |||
| sex-linked trait | a trait that is coded for by an allele on a sex chromosome | |||
| linked genes | pairs of genes that tend to be inherited together | |||
| chromosome map | diagram that shows the linear order of genes on a chromosome | |||
| map unit | frequency of crossing-over | |||
| germ-cell mutations | mutations that occur in an organism's gametes that do not affect the organism itself, but can be passed on to offspring | |||
| somatic-cell mutations | mutations that take place in an organism's body cells, and can affect the organism, but cannot be passed on to offspring | |||
| lethal mutations | mutations that cause death, often before birth | |||
| deletion | the loss of a piece of a chromosome due to breakage | |||
| inversion | a chromosomal segment breaking off and reattaching to a nonhomologous chromosome | |||
| translocation | a piece of a chromosome breaks off and reattaches to a nonhomologous chromosome | |||
| nondisjunction | a chromosome's failure to separate from its homologue during meiosis | |||
| point mutation | the substitution, addition, or removal of a single nucleotide | |||
| substitution | the replacement of one nucleotide by another | |||
| frameshift mutation | incorrect grouping of the remaining codons | |||
| insertion mutations | addition of one or more nucleotides to a gene, which can also result in a frameshift mutation | |||
| pedigree | a diagramthat shows how a trait is inherited over several generations | |||
| carrier | individuals who have one copyof the recessive allele but do not have the disease | |||
| genetic disorders | diseases or disabling conditions that have a genetic basis | |||
| polygenic characters | characteristics that are influenced by several genes | |||
| complexcharacter | characters that are influenced strongly both by the environment and by genes | |||
| multiple alleles | genes with three or more alleles | |||
| codominance | when both alleles are expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote | |||
| incomplete dominance | when an individual displays a trait that is intermediate between the two parents | |||
| sex-influenced traits | traits that are involved in other complex characters | |||
| Huntington's disease | HD; autosomal dominant condition characterized by forgetfulness and irritability | |||
| amniocentesis | process during which a physician removes some amniotic fluid from the amnionitic sac surroudning the fetus during the 14th-18th week of pregnancy, to analyze the fetal cells for chromosomes and proteins in the fluid | |||
| chorionic villi sampling | process in which the physician takes a spmple of the chorionic villi between the 8th and 10th week, for testing | |||
| chorionic villi | cells derivedfrom the zygote thatgrow between the mother's uterus and placenta | |||
| genetic counseling | the process of informing a person or couple about their genetic makeup | |||
| gene therapy | a technique that places a healthy copy of a gene into the cells of a person whose copy of the gene is defective | |||
| Huntington's Disease (HD) | disease involved in the movement of vesicles in nerve cells; mutation causes extra copies of codon CAG in gene | huntingtin protein | gradual deterioration of brain tissue in middle age;shortened life expectancy | autosomal dominant on chromosome 4 |
| cystic fibrosis | disease that regulates the transport of chloride ions in epithelial cells | CFTR - cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator | mucus clogs lungs and pancreas; victims today live to early adulthood or longer | autosomal recessive on chromosome 7 |
| sickle cell anemia | disease affecting oxygen being carried in the blood; mutation causing red blood cells to change shape and clog capillaries | beta globin (gene HBB) | organ damage due to impaired blood flow | autosomal recessive on chromosome 11 |
| tay-sach's disease | breaking down of cellular wastes in lysosome; mutation allows waste buildup, causing nerve-cell death | hexosaminidase A (gene HEXA) | deterioration of cenral nervous system in infancy; death in early childhood | autosomal recessive on chromosome 15 |
| phenylketonuria (PKU) | disease that catalyzes change of the amino acid phenylalanine to tyrosine; without the enzyme, a toxic substance accumulates | phenylalanine hydroxylase (gene PAH) | infant brain fails to develop normally; death in childhood | autosomal recessive on chromosome 12 |
| marfan syndrome | affects the major component of connective tissue; lack of this protein causes weakness of ligaments and blood-vessel sheaths | fibrillin-1 (gene FBN1) | long limbs, loose joints, deformed vertebral column, crowded teeth, rupture of large arteries | autosomal dominant on chromosome 15 |
| breast cancer | inhibits growth of breast and ovarian tumors,probably byencouraging repair of DNA damage | breast cancer-1 (gene BRCA1) | malignant tumors in breast tissue | autosomal dominant on chromosome 17 |
| hemophilia | affects what helps cause blood to clot; the mutant protein does not function in clotting | coagulation factor 8 (gene F8) | prolonged bleeding due to ineffective blood clotting | x-linked recessive on chromosome X |
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