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Microbiology 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| nosocomial infections are | hospital derived |
| virulence factors and pathogenicity asks the question...and the answer is usually... | what causes microbes to cause dieseases?...usually specific proteins make microbes pathogenic |
| microbial antagonism is what gives certain microbes the | advantage to grow and also includes how to prevent pathogens |
| enzymes are...that... | proteins...catalyze reactions |
| aseptic technique involves how to | prevent nosocomial infections |
| scientific method helps prove | pathogenicity |
| antoni van leeuwenhoek began making and using...and he hoften made a... | simple microscopes...new microscope for each specimen |
| leeuwenhoek examined...and visualized...that he called... | water...tiny animals, fungi, algae, and single-celled protozoa...animalcules |
| by the end of the...these organisms were called... | 19th century...microorganisms |
| carolus linnaeus developed...which was used for... | taxonomic system...naming plants and animals and grouping similar organisms together |
| through linnaeus' taxonomic system, leeuwenhoek's microorganisms got goruped into...which include... | 6 categories...fungi, protozoa, algae, bacteria, archaea and small multicellular animals |
| protozoa are | eukaryotic and single celled |
| algae are...with... | microbes...chlorophyl for making own energy |
| bacteria are | single celled and prokaryotic |
| archaea are similar to | bacteria |
| small multicellular animals include | parastitic worms |
| the golden age of microbiology focused on what 4 questions | is spontaneous generation of microbial life possible? what causes fermentation? what causes disease? how can we prevent infenction and disease? |
| some philosophers and scientists of the past thought living things arose from three processes that include | asexual repro, sexual repro, or from nonliving matter |
| aristotle proposed...which means that... | spontaneous generation...living things can arise from nonliving matter |
| francesco redi's experiment tested...and involved... | meat to disprove aristotle's theory...leaving meat uncovered, air-tight sealing it and exposing it to air through gauze |
| pasteur's experiment involved...that demonstrated... | swan-necked flasks...that no microbial growth appeared |
| in pasteur's experiment, when the flask was tilted... | dust from the bend in the neck seeped back into the flask and made the infusion cloudy with microbes w/i a day |
| the scientific method was partially developed due to | the debate over spontaneous generation |
| scientific method step 1 | observation to question |
| scientific method step 2 | question (broad) to hypothesis (specific) |
| scientific method step 3 | hypothesis to experiment, incluidng control groups |
| scientific method step 4 | experiment , incluidng control groups to observations to experimental data support hypothesis? then to accepting hypothesis, then repeat experiment -> accepting hypothesis then it becomes a theory of law |
| if the experimental data does not support the hypothesis then you ... | reject the hypothesis and modify it until it gives a positive outcome |
| pasteur applied the scientific method while trying to figure out | what causes fermentation |
| pasteur's fermentation experiment involved...and ended up giving off 4 facts... | boiling the grape juice to sufficiently kill microbes...spontaneous fermentation does not happen, air does not ferment grape juice, bacteria ferment grape juice into acids, yeast ferments grape juice into alcohol |
| ignaz semmelweiss was concerned about the...so he postulated that some... | high mortality rate of mothers in maternity wards...cadaverous material carried by physicians from the autopsy room caused childbed fever |
| semmelweiss advocated the | washing of hands in bleach between performing autopsies and working w/ patients |
| mortality rates dropped...because of semmelweiss and handwashing | 90% |
| pasteur also developed... | germ theory of disease |
| robert koch studied...such as... | causative agents of disease...anthrax and colonies of microorganisms |
| koch's postulates: suspected causative agent must be.... | found in every case of the disease and be absent from healthy hosts |
| koch's postulates: agent must be... | isolated and grown outside the host |
| koch's postulates: when agent is introduced into a healthy, susceptible host... | the host must get the disease |
| koch's postulates: the same agent must be... | found in the diseased experimental host |
| how can we prevent infection and disease? semmelweiss and...lister's...nightingale and...snow...jenner's... | handwashing...antiseptic technique...nursing (cleanliness)...infection and epidemiology...vaccine (field of immunology) |
| bacteriology | bacteria and archaea |
| phycology | algae |
| mycology | fungi |
| protozoacology | protozoa |
| parasitology | parasitic protozoa and parasitic animals |
| virology | viruses |
| microbial metabolism | biochemistry, chemical reactions within cells |
| microbial genetics | functions of DNA and RNA |
| environmental microbiology | relationships between microbes and aong microbes, other organisms and their environment |
| serology helps us to..and it is the study of... | prevent against disease...blood serum and its antibodies |
| which two scientists discovered the existence in the blood of chemicals and cells that fight infection? | von behring and kitasato |
| immunology helps to...and is the study of... | prevent against disease...the body's defense against specific pathogens |
| chemotherapy helps to...and involves... | help against disease...chemicals |
| in chemotherapy, fleming discovered...and domagk discovered... | penicillin...sulfa drugs |
| bacteria are mostly...,their size is about...and they cause things like... | free living...2 microns...plague, tuberculosis and anthrax |
| fungi are...and..., their size is...and they cause things like... | free living and eukaryotic...3-5 microns...candidiasis and histoplasmosis |
| protozoa are mostly...and range from...and cause... | free living...1-300 microns...malaria, sleeping sickness and toxoplasmosis |
| viruses are strictly...which means they need | intracellular...a host to replicate |
| virus size ranges from...and causes things like... | 20-200 nm...ebola, AIDS, avian influenza |
| light microscope has a max resolution of...and there is a constraint due to... | 1000 fold...wavelength of the light |
| light microscope stains adhere to...defining... | specific cellular structure...structure and composition |
| can color be seen in light microscopes? | yes |
| transmission electron microscopes have the...which is up to.. | greatest magnification...1 million x mag |
| tem electrons have | high energy and short wavelength |
| can tems see color? what do they see? | no...density |
| scanning electron microscopes involve different... | sample prep and configuration of detector |
| sem electrons bounce off the | surface of specimen |
| only...are visible with the sem | surface features |
| environmental microbiology | martinus beijerinck and sergei winogradsky |
| biochemistry | louis pasteur and eduard buchner |
| chemotherapy | paul ehrlich |
| immunology | edward jenner |
| public health microbiology | john snow |
| etiology | robert koch |
| epidemiology | john snow |
| biotechnology | louis pasteur |
| food microbiology | louis pasteur |
Created by:
handrzej
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