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Mod 3B A&P 20 & 21
Fluid and Electrolyte Balance & Acid Base Balance
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Water | Most abundant body compound |
| Plasma | 3L |
| Interstitial fluid | 12L |
| Intracellular fluid | 25L |
| Water body weight in newborn | 80% |
| Water body weight in adult male | 60% |
| Water body weight in adult female | 50% |
| Variation in total body weight is related to... | 1)total body weight of person 2) Fat content of body 3) Gender 4) Age |
| The more fat in the body the... | less the total water content. |
| Extracellular fluid | Plasma (whole blood), Interstitial fluid (surrounds the cells), misc fluids like lympth, joint fluids, CSF and eye humors. |
| Plasma | Liquid part of whole blood |
| Interstitial fluid | Surrounds the cells |
| Miscellaneous fluids | Lymph, joint, cerebrospinal and eye humors |
| Intracellular fluid | Fluid inside cells, contains largest volume of water. |
| Sources of fluid intake | Liquids we drink, the foods we eat and water from catabolism of food. |
| Organs responsible for fluid output | lungs, skin, kidneys, intestines |
| Fluid output | Mainly urine volume and adjusts to fluid intake. |
| Sensory receptors detect.. | Change in volume and EDF concentration and send signals to hypothalamus |
| Signals from hypothalamus cause... | Sensation of thirst which triggers drinking of fluids to restore balance. |
| Noneletrolytes | Organic substances that do not break up or dissociate when placed in water solution. |
| Electrolytes | Minerals in the body that have an electric |
| Ions | The dissociated particles of an eletrolyte that carry and electrical charge |
| Positively charged ions | potassium, SODIUM |
| Negatively charged ions | CHLORIDE and bicarbonate |
| Edema | Tissue swelling due to rising fluid level most common in foot and ankle. |
| Aldosterone mechanism | Restores normal ECF volume |
| Increased capillary blood pressure transfers.. | Fluid from blood to IF |
| Blood plasma protein concentration contributes... | To osmotic pressure |
| Dehydration | Loss of skin elasticity, fluid output exceeds the fluid intake. |
| Overhydration | Giving IV fluids too rapidly or in too large of amounts. |
| Water intoxication | Possible life threatening neurological impairment caused by severe overhydration and accompanying electrolyte imbalance. |
| Hypernatremia | Blood sodium more than 145 mEq/L; deficit of water to salt caused by dehydration and prolonged diarrhea |
| Hyponatremia | Blood sodium less than 136mEq/L; caused by burns and prolonged use of diuretics |
| Hyperkalemia | Blood potassium more than 5.1 mEq/L, caused by increased intake |
| Hypokalemia | Blood potassium less than 3.8 mEq/L caused by fasting, diets low in potassium, abuse of laxatives, diarrhea and vomiting |
| Hypercalcemia | Blood calcium levels more than 10.5mg/dl- causes paget disease, bone tumors, hyperparathyroidism |
| Hypocalcemia | Blood calcium levels less than 8.4 mg/dl caused by dietary deficiency, pancreatitis, hypoparathyroidism, rickets, osteomalacia and renal insufficiency. |
| Clinical signs related to increased neuromuscular irritability... | Cramping, muscle twitching, hyperactive reflexes, abnromal cardiac rhythms. |
| Electrolytes Function | Compounds that break up or dissociated in water solution to separate particles called ions. |
| Where are electrolytes found in the body? | Blood, urine, body fluids |
| Types of electrolytes | Sodium, calcium, potassium, chlorine, phosphate, magnesium |
| Causes of imbalance of electrolytes | Medicines, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, kidney problems |
| Input must | equal output |
| Homeostasis | Maintaining balance |
| Newborns | 80% water in body weight |
| Adult Male | 60% water in body weight |
| Adult Female | 50% water in body weight |
| Water in an elderly person decreses due to: | muscle tissue that is high in water is replaced with fat which is lover in water. |
| Where sodium goes: | water soon follows. |
| If sodium goes above normal: | fluid in interstitital fluid aslo rises above normal. |
| Pitting edema | Depressions made in swollen tissue that remain after finger pressure is applied. |
| Acid base balance | Keeping the concentration of hydrogen ions in blody fluids relatively constant. |
| pH | Concentration of Hydrogen ions in a fluid. |
| 7.0 pH | neutral |
| pH greater than 7.0 | Alkaline |
| pH lower than 7.0 | Acidic |
| pH level in arterial blood | 7.45 |
| pH level in venous blood | 7.35 |
| Gastric juice | Most acid substance in the body |
| Chemical pH | Buffers in blood, RBC's and body fluids respond immediately |
| Physiological pH | Lungs removing CO2, changes in respiratory rate and responds within minutes. |
| Changes in pH regulated by what? | Renal activity and can eliminate much larger amounts of acid than the lungs. |
| Pulmonary vein blood | Oxygenated (less Hydrogen ions) |
| Superior Vena Cava | Deoxygenated (more Hydrogen ions) |
| What is the extracellular fluid compartment composed of? | Interstitial fluid and plasma |
| The largest volume of water in the body is contained in which fluid compartment? | Intracellular |
| The body's chief mechanism for maintianing fluid balance is to adjust its what? | Fluid output |
| When the blood level of aldosterone increases: | sodium is moved from the kideny tubules to the blood. |
| Aldosterone causes: | an increase in extracellular fluid |
| Increased capillary pressure: | moves fluid from the plasma to the interstitial fluid. |
| Blood plasma proteins act to: | move interstitial fluid into the plasma |
| ADH | Produced by the posterior pituitary gland and reduces the amount of water loss in the urine. |
| ANH | Produced in the heart and stimulates the tubules to secrete sodium. |
| Aldosterone | Produced in the adrenal gland and causes tubules to absorb sodium. |
| Hypernatremia | High blood sodium level, causes may be overuse of salt tablets, dehydration and prolonged dehydration. |
| Hyponatremia | Low blood sodium level, causes may be excessive secretion of ADH, massive infusion of sodium free IV solutions, severe burns and prolonged use of diuretics. |
| Hyperkalemia | Increased blood potassium; causes include increased intake of potassium, shift from intracellular fluid to blood caused by tissue trauma and burns, kidney failure. |
| Hypokalemia | Low blood potassium and may be caused by fasting, fad diets, abuse of diuretics and laxatives or loss of potassium with severe diearrhea or vomiting. Causes muscle weakness and cardiac problems. |
| Hypercalcemia | Increase in blood calcium levels and caused by overdose of Vitamin D. |
| Hypocalcemia | Dietary deficiency of calcium or increased calcium secretion from pancreatitis, osteomalacia or chronic rencal insufficiency. |
Created by:
ROSSMIBOA
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