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AP Bio M. Genetics
Chapters 16, 17, 18, 19
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Transformation | The process by which additional DNA is added to cells on a plasmid |
| Bacteriaphage | Bacteria eaters |
| Double Helix | The structure of DNA |
| Semi conservative model | The model of DNA replication that says that the new DNA made is 1/2 new DNA and 1/2 old DNA |
| Origins of replication | The place where replication occurs |
| Replication fork | The place where topoisomerase keeps the DNA from unwinding anymore and replication is occuring (2 strands to double helix) |
| Helicases | Unwinds the double helix |
| Single-strand binding proteins | Bind to unwound DNA to protect it until it is time to do replication |
| Topoisomerase | Helps to relieve stress on the DNA that is not being replicated |
| Primer | A molecule that helps DNA polymerase to bind |
| Primase | The enzyme that adds the primers to the lagging strand |
| DNA polymerases | The enzyme that adds the complementary nucleotides to the DNA and proofreads the replication |
| Leading strand | The strand that is used in transcription and goes 3` to 5` in the normal way towards the topoisomerase |
| Lagging strand | The strand that goes 5` to 3` towards the topoisomerase and requires primers to be replicated |
| Okazaki fragments | The fragments of replicated DNA on the lagging strand |
| DNA ligase | The enzyme that joins all of the Okazaki fragments |
| Mismatch repair | Repair of mistakes in the DNA replication |
| Nuclease | An enzyme that breaks nucleic acids into nucleotides |
| Nucleotide excision repair | A process by which DNA is repaired from damage such as that from UV light |
| Telomeres | A region on the end of chromosomes that protects it from degeneration and composed of repetitive DNA |
| Telomerase | The enzyme that adds repetitive DNA to the 3` end of the chromosome |
| Nucleoid | The area of the prokaryotic cell that includes its DNA |
| Heterochromatin | Genes here cannot be expressed (Condensed) |
| Euchromatin | Genes here can be expressed (Expanded) |
| Gene expression | The process by which genes are translated into proteins that are expressed |
| Transcription | DNA-->mRNA |
| mRNA | The type of RNA that takes the genetic information of DNA to the ribosomes to be made into a protein |
| Translation | mRNA-->polypeptide |
| Ribosomes | The site of translation |
| Primary transcript | The RNA molecule that has not yet been modified |
| Triplet code | The normal version of the genetic code |
| Template strand | The strand that is used to make mRNA |
| Codons | The 3 base segments that mRNA is read in |
| Reading frame | The sets of 3 bases that are read together as a codon |
| RNA polymerase | The enzyme that adds RNA nucleotides to make mRNA |
| Promoter | Place where RNA polymerase binds |
| Terminator | The signal to stop transcription |
| Transcription unit | The DNA that will be transcribed into mRNA |
| Transcription factors | Necessary for RNA polyermase to bind |
| Transcription initiation complex | RNA polymerase binds to DNA to begin transcription |
| TATA box | An example of a transcription factor tells RNA polymerase where to bind |
| RNA processing | The process of adding a 5` cap and poly-A tail to mRNA to add a safety net |
| 5` cap | A cap made of phosphates and a guanine molecule that protects the beginning of the mRNA as it travels through the cytoplasm |
| poly-A tail | The tail of mRNA on the 3` end that has lots of adenine molecules to protect it from other enzymes as it travels through the cytoplasm |
| RNA splicing | The process of removing the non coding regions from the mRNA |
| Introns | The noncoding regions of mRNA |
| Exons | The coding regions of mRNA |
| Splicesome | A molecule made of srRNA that helps to remove the introns from mRNA |
| Ribozymes | An RNA molecule that can perform some chemical reactions |
| Alternative RNA splicing | The theory that states the mRNA can be processed in several different ways to yield different protiens |
| Domains | An independently folding part of a protein |
| tRNA | RNA responsible for adding amino acids to the mRNA to form a polypeptide |
| Anticodon | The base pairs on a tRNA molecule that matches up with the mRNA |
| Aminoacyl-tRNA synthestases | An enzyme that joins the amino acids to the appropriate tRNA molecule |
| rRNA | What ribosomes are made of |
| Aminoacyl site | The site where the tRNA enters the ribosome |
| Peptiocyl site | The site where the peptide bond is formed |
| Exit site | The site where the tRNA leaves to find another amino acid |
| Polysomes | Multiple ribosomes that can use the same mRNA to make lots of proteins |
| Signal peptide | A sequence of about 20 amino acids at or near the leading end of a polypeptide that targets it to the endoplasmic reticulum or other organelles in eukaryotic cells |
| Signal-recognition particle | SNP; A protein-RNA complex that recognizes a signal peptide as it emerges from a ribosome and helps direct the ribosomes to the endoplasmic reticulum by binding to a receptor protein on the ER |
| Mutations | A change in the DNA |
| Point mutations | A mutation in a single base |
| Base pair substitution | Where one pair is substituted for another (C instead of A) |
| Missense mutations | A mutation where a polypeptide is made, but it is not quite the right one |
| Insertions | Where a base is inserted |
| Deletions | Where a base is deleted |
| Nonsense mutations | A mutation where the entire polypeptide is not made because there is a stop codon too soon |
| Frameshift mutations | A mutation that changes the frame in which codons are read |
| Mutagens | Substances that increase the rate of mutations |
| Operator | Controls access of RNA polymerase binds with repressor |
| Operon | Something that can regulate genes on the transcription level |
| Repressor | Blocks transcription from enhancer or activator |
| Regulatory gene | A gene that controls the expression of other genes |
| Corepressor | A substance that inhibits the expression of genes |
| Inducer | A molecule that starts gene expression |
| Activator | Protein that binds to enhancer to start transcription |
| Differential gene expression | Expression of different genes by cells with the same genome |
| Histone acetylation | Attaching an acetyl group to the histone to uncondense the histone so transcription can occur |
| Genomic imprinting | Methylation permanently regulates expression of either the maternal or parental allele of a particular gene at the start of development |
| Epidgentic inheritance | Inheritance that occurs not through genetic way |
| Control elements | A segment of noncoding DNA that helps regulate transcription of a gene by binding a transcription |
| Enhancers | Upstream from the transcription site, helps transcription to start |
| miRNA | Small single stranded RNA molecules that are capable of binding to complementary sequences in mRNA molecules |
| RNA interference | The process where when a double stranded RNA molecules is injected into a cell turns off the gene with the same sequence as the RNA |
| siRNA | Similar to miRNA, but can form longer double stranded RNA molecules |
| Cell differentiation | Process by which cells become specialized in structure and function |
| Morphogenesis | Physical processes that give an organism its shape |
| Cytoplasmic determinants | Maternal substances in the egg that influence the course of early development |
| Determination | Events that lead to the observable differentiation of a cell |
| Pattern formation | The process by which all of the tissues and organs of an organism are in their characteristic places |
| Positional information | Molecular cues that control pattern formation |
| Embryonic lethals | Mutations with phenotypes causing death at the embryonic or larval stage |
| Maternal effect gene | A gene that when it is mutant in the mother causes a mutant phenotype in the offspring, regardless of the offspring's own genotype |
| Egg polarity genes | Genes that control the orientation of the egg and the organism |
| Morphogens | A substance that provides positional information in the form of a concentration gradient along an embryonic axis |
| Oncogenes | Cancer genes found in retrovirus |
| Proto oncogenes | Normal versions of cancer genes |
| Tumor suppressor genes | The proteins these genes code for control abnormal cell growth |
| Capsid | The outermost level of a virus made of protein |
| Viral envelopes | The outermost level of a virus in some viruses that protects the capsid |
| Host range | The collection of hosts a parasite/virus can use |
| Lytic cycle | The fast replication cycle where replication immediately occurs and the host cell lyses |
| Virulent phage | Always uses the lytic cycle |
| Restriction enzymes | Enzymes that break up the DNA at specific points |
| Lysogenic cycle | The slow replication cycle where replication may not immediately occurs, and the viral DNA stays in the host DNA |
| Temperate phages | Bacteriaphages that can replicate either through the lytic cycle or lysogenic cycle |
| Retroviruses | Viruses that use RNA as the genetic material |
| Reverse transcriptase | The enzyme that takes the viral RNA to DNA |
| HIV | An example of a retrovirus |
| AIDS | The disease that results from HIV |
| Epidemics | An outbreak of a disease on a large scale, but fairly local (A country or continent) |
| Vaccine | A type of preventative treatment for viruses that uses killed viruses or weakened viruses to build immunity |
| Pandemic | An outbreak of a disease that occurs globally |
| Viroids | A plant pathogen that is extremely small, and cannot cause damage on its own, but can inhibit cellular processes |
| Prions | An infectious agent |
| Homeotic genes | Control pattern formation in the late embryo, larva, and adult |
| Proteasomes | Giant protein complexes involved in protein processing and degregation |
Created by:
meredithl2013
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