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Mod 3B A&P Ch. 19
The Urinary System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Kidneys | Organ that cleanses the blood of waste products produced continually by metabolism |
| Renal cortex | Outer layer of kidney |
| Renal medulla | Inner portion of kidney |
| Renal pyramids | Triangular divisions of medulla |
| Renal columns | Cortical tissue that dips down between renal pyramids |
| Renal papilla | Narrow, innermost end of pyramid |
| Renal pelvis | Expansion of upper end of ureter and lies inside kidney. |
| Renal calyces | Divisions of renal pelvis |
| Interior kidney composed of... | More than 1 million microscopic nephron units that have a unique shape. |
| Renal corpuscle | |
| Bowman capsule | Cup shaped top of nephron |
| Glomerulus | Network of blood capillaries surrounded by Bowman capsuel. |
| Cortical nephrons | 85% of total nephrons and is located mostly in renal cortex |
| Juxtamedullary nephrons | Helps concentrate urine |
| Function of the kidney | 1)excrete toxins and nitrogenous wastes 2)regulate levels of chemicals in blood 3) maintain water balance 4) regulate blood pressure and volume 5) regulate RBC production by secreting erythropoietin. |
| Urine filtration | 1)goes on continually in renal corpuscles 2) glomerular BP causes water and dissolved substances to filter out of glomeruli into the Bowman capsule 3) Normal glomerular filtration 125ml per minute. |
| Urine reabsorption | 1)movement of substances out of renal tubules into blood in peritubular capillaries 2)water, nutrients and ions are reabsorbed 3) water is reabsorbed by osmosis from proximal tubes. |
| Urinary secretion | 1)movement of susbstances into urine in the distal and colelcting ducts from blood in peritubular capillaries 2) Hydrogen, ions, potassium ions and certain drugs are secreted by active transport. 3) Ammonia is secreted by diffusion |
| ADH | Secreted by posterior pituitary and promotes water reabsorbtion by collecting ducts and reduces urine volume. |
| Aldosterone | Secreted by adrenal gland and is triggered by RAAS process and promotes sodium and water reabsorption in nephron- reduces urine volume |
| ANH | Is a peptide hormone and is secreted by atrial cells in the heart, also promotes loss of sodium and water into kidney tubules and increases urine volume. |
| Ureter structure | Narrow long tubes with expanded upper end located inside kidney and is lined with mucous membrane and muscular layer |
| Function of ureter | Drain urine from renal pelvis to urinary bladder |
| Urinalysis | Examination of the physical, chemical and microscopic cht. of urine. |
| Structure of urinary bladder | Elasctic muscular organ and is lined with mucous membrane arranged in rugae. |
| Function of urinary bladder | Storage of urine before urination and urination. |
| Structure of urethra | Narrow tube from urinary bladder to exterior and is lined with mucous membrane |
| Urinary meatus | Opening of urethra to the exterior |
| Function of urethra | Passage of urine from bladder to exterior of body and passage of male reproductive fluid from the body. |
| Micturition | Passage of urine from body (urination or voiding) |
| Internal urethral sphincter | Involuntary |
| External urethral sphincter | Voluntary |
| Emptying reflex | 1)initiated by stretch reflex in bladder wall 2)bladder wall contracts 3)internal sphincter relaxes 4)external sphincter relaxes when urination occurs |
| Enuresis | Involuntary urination in young children |
| Nocturnal enuresis | Nighttime bed wetting |
| Urinary retention | Urine produced but not urinated |
| Urinary suppression | No urine produced but bladder is normal. |
| Incontinence | Urine is urinated involuntarily |
| Urge incontinence | Overactivity or involuntary detrusor muscle contraction |
| Stress incontinence | Weakened pelvic floor muscles |
| Overflow incontinence | Urinary retention and overdistended bladder. |
| Neurogenic bladder | Periodic but unpredictable urination related to paralysis or abnormal function of the bladder. |
| Renal calculi | Kidney stones-crystallized mineral chunks in renal pelvis or calyces that may block ureters causing intense pain |
| Renal cell carcinoma | Cancer of the kidney or bladder cancer |
| hematuria | Blood in the urine. |
| Hydronephrosis | Enlargement of renal pelvis and calyces caused by blockage of urine flow |
| UTI | Urinary tract infection caused by bacteria |
| Urethritis | Inflammation of the urethra |
| Cystitis | Inflammation or infection of the urinary bladder |
| Pyelonephritis | Inflammation of the renal pelvis and connective tissues of the kidney (may be acute-infectious or chronic-autoimmune) |
| Glomerular disorder | Result from damage to the glomerular-capsular membrane of the renal corpuscles. |
| Proteinuria | Protein in the urine |
| Hypoalbuminemia | Low plasma protein level cause by loss of proteins to urine |
| Edema | Tissue swelling caused by loss of water fromplasma as a result of hypoalbuminemia. |
| Acute renal failure | Abrupt reduction in kidney function and is usually reversible. |
| Chronic renal failure | Slow progressive loss of nephrons caused an underlying disease. |
| Polycystic kidney disease | PKD-numerous fluid-filled cyts that destroy kidney tissue as they grow and is heriditary. |
| Stage 1 kidney failure | Early, healthy nephrons compensate for loss of damaged nephrons |
| Stage 2 kidney failure | Renal insufficiency, loss of kidney function |
| Stage 3 kidney failure | Complete kidney failure and results in death unless substituted by artificial kidney or transplant. |
| Nephritis | General term for kidney disease |
| Dysuria | Painful, burning urination |
| Medulla | inner portion of an organ |
| Henle loop | Extension of the proximal tubule of the kiney |
Created by:
ROSSMIBOA
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