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Maternity Final 105
Maternity Final CCC PN105
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Dick-Read pain relief | education and relaxation techniques to interrupt tension cycle |
| Bradley pain relief | husband-coached childbirth, slow abdominal breathing and relaxation techniques |
| Lamaze pain relief | mental techniques to respond to contraction with relaxation rather than tension, mental and breathing techniques |
| Effleurage pain relief | stimulating large-diameter nerve fibers that inhibit painful stimuli traveling through small-diameter fibers, circular movements on abdomen |
| Sacral Pressure pain relief | firm pressure against lower back |
| Thermal Stimulation pain relief | heat by warm blanket or water-filled glove, cool cloth on face |
| Positioning pain relief | relieves muscle fatigue and strain and promotes normal labor |
| Diversion and Distraction pain relief | focal point, imagery, music, and television |
| Slow-Paced Breathing pain relief | beathing slowly as during sleep, 6-9 breathes per minute |
| Modified Paced Breathing pain relief | breathing rapidly and shallowly at no more than twice the usual rate |
| Patterened Paced Breathing pain relief | rapid breaths punctuated with intermittent slight blows, the pant-blow or hee-hoo method |
| Narcotic Analgesics pain relief | opiods in small doses to avoid fetal depression, avoided in birth expected within an hour |
| Narcotic Antagonist pain relief | Narcan (naloxone) used to reverse respiratory depression caused by opiod drugs |
| Adjunctive Drugs pain relief | enhance pain-relieving action of analgesics and reduce nausea; Vistoril or Phenergan |
| Regional Analgesics/Anesthetics pain relief | placement of anesthetic in epidural or subarachnoid space |
| Local Infiltration regional analgesic | injection of perineal area for episiotomy, given right before delivery |
| Epidural Block regional analgesic | blocks pain transmissions to brain; must have good blood counts, give 500ml fluid prior, check bladder q2h, given after cervix is dilated to 4 |
| Spinal (subarachnoid) Block regional analgesic | blocks pain transmissions to brain; one shot block d/t no reinjection of drug, may cause postspinal headache |
| complete uterine rupture | hole through uterine wall from uterine cavity to abdominal cavity |
| incomplete uterine rupture | uterus torn into nearby structure like a ligament, but not into abdominal cavity |
| dehiscence uterine rupture | old uterine scar that separates, usually from previous c section |
| incision least likely to rupture | low transverse incision |
| signs of uterine rupture | shock, abdominal pain, pain in chest between scapula with inspiration, cessation of contractions, abnormal/absent fetal heartbeat, palpation of fetus outside of uterus |
| treatment of uterine rupture | surgery to deliver fetus and stop bleeding, hysterectomy |
| breastfeeding frequency | every 2-3 hours |
| breastfeeding duration | at least 10 minutes each breast, do not switch back and forth multiple times during session |
| correct way to breastfeed | start with breast not used first in previous session, hold breast in C position with thumb above nipple and fingers below it, allow nipple to brush against infant lower lip to latch on, break suction before removing |
| pregnancy and rubella vaccine | not given during pregnancy, can be give at least one month prior to pregnancy or in immediate postpartum period |
| normal uterus postpartum | fundus is midline, at or below the umbilicus, as a firm mass the size of a grapefruit; drops about 1cm per day |
| oral contraceptives | taken daily to prevent pregnancy, they stop body from releasing egg |
| Pitocin | medication that stimulates uterine contractions, give antepartum to induce contractions or postpartum to stop uterine bleeding |
| Magnesium Sulfate | medication to stop labor, can cause fetal drowsiness and cause a warm flush when started |
| breastfed infant stools | bright yellow, soft, pasty, like mustard seeds |
| Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) | sudden spiking fever, flulike symptoms, hypotension, generalized sumburn type rash, skin peeling on palms and soles; change tampon q4h to help prevent |
| pseudomenstruation | when female infant appears to have menstrual bleeding due to sudden stop in maternal hormones |
| treatment of hot flashes | layered clothes, avoidance of caffiene, lessen stress, relaxation, HRT, vitamin E/ginseng |
| newborn reflexes | head lag, moro, rooting, tonic neck, dancing |
| hydrocephalus | increase of cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricles of the brain causing pressure changes and increased head size |
| respiratory distress syndrome | lung immaturity leading to decreased gas exchange; deficient synthesis of surfectant; respirations above 60/min |
| normal findings in newborns | head molding, fontanelles, cross-eyes, small ears, sleep 15-20h/day, temp 97.8-98.9, acrocyanosis, pulse 110-160, respirations 30-60, length 19-21.5in, weight 6-9lbs |
| infant of diabetic mother | hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinism, macrosomia, prone to injuries, low glucose upon delivery |
| cleft palate | failure of hard palate to fuse at midline, forms passageway between nasopharynx and nose complicating feeding and leading to respiratory infections; treatment repairs the cleft |
| cleft lip | fissure or opening in the upper lip resulting in failure of maxillary and median nasal processes to unite; treatment is surgical by 3 mos |
| testosterone | increases musle mass/strength, promotes growth of long bones, increases basal metabolic rate, enhances red blood cell production, enlarges vocal cords, affects body hair distribution |
| male reproductive structures | external: penis and scrotum; internal: testes, vas deferens, prostate, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts, urethra, and accessory glands |
| puberty | period of rapid change involving whole body and psyche as well as societal expectations; begins when secondary sex characteristics appear and when sperm mature/regular menstrual cycles occur |
| female hormones | FSH and LH stimulate maturation of follice in ovary, estrogen and progesterone enlarge the endometrium, LH releases ovum |
| oogenesis | mirosis of ovum |
| fimbriae | fingerlike projections from infundibulum part of fallopian tube that hover over each ovary and capture ovum as released |
| Chadwicks sign of pregnancy | purple/blue discoloration of cervix, vagina, and vulva |
| dietary adjustment during pregnancy | additional 300 cal/day and increased folic acid and calcium, 60g protein/day, 30 iron/day, limited caffiene |
| dietary adjustment during breastfeeding | additional 500 cal/day, no caffiene |
| pregnancy induced hypertension - preeclampsia | gestational hypertension with proteinuria |
| pregnancy induced hypertension - eclampsia | progression of preeclampsia with convulsions |
| pregnancy induced hypertension | increased BP of 30/15 above normal BP |
| rubella during pregnancy | microcephaly, menthal retardation, congenital cataracts, deafness, cardiac defects, intrauterine growth restriction |
| Rh factor incompatibility | when mother is Rh- and fetus is Rh+, RhoGAM given at 28wks gestation and within 72hrs after birth |
| Rh factor sensitivity | mother destroys Rh+ cells; Coombs tests, amnicentesis, umbilical cord sampling to test |
| folic acid in pregnancy | prevents neural tube defects like spina bifida |
| frequency of labor contractions | elapsed time from beginning of one contraction to beginning of next contraction; more often than 2 min should be reported |
| vertex presentation | fetal chin flexed onto chest - most common and favorable presentation |
| military presentation | fetal head is neither flexed nor extended |
| brow presentation | fetal head is partly extended |
| face presentation | fetal head is fully extended and face presents |
| Frank breech presentation | fetal legs are flexed at hips and extend outwards toward shoulders - most common breech |
| full/complete breech presentation | reversal of cephalic presentation; feel and butt present at cervix |
| footling breech presentation | one or both feet present at cervix |
| meconium | infant's first stool; signals problems if passed in utero; black, tarry, sticky, green color |
| amniotic fluid | should be clear with flecks of vernix, 500-1000mL; green shows meconium passed; cloudy or yellow indicates infection |
| first stage of labor | latent, active, and transition phase (dilation and effacement, membranes rupture, bloody show) |
| second stage of labor | expulsion of fetus (30m-2h) |
| third stage of labor | expulsion of placenta (5-30min) |
| fourth stage of labor | recovery (lochia rubra) |
| false labor | irregular contractions, relieved by walking, discomfort in abdomen and groin, no bloody show, no effacement or dilation |
| true labor | contractions regular and more frequent, stronger with walking, discomfort in lower back and lower abdomen, bloody show, effacement and dilation |
| postpartum hemorrhage | blood loss greater than 500-100mL after birth, can occur 24h-6wks after birth |
| apgar score | heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex response, skin color (2 pts each); 8-10 is good; 4-7 is ok; below 3 neans active rescustation |
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