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Mod 3B A&P Ch. 18
Nutrition and Metabolsim
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Nutrition | The food that we eat and the nutrients they contain |
| Metabolism | The use of foods; the use the body makes of foods after they have been digested, absorbed and circulated to cells. |
| Catabolism | Process that breaks food molecules down, releasing their stored energy; oxygen is used in this process |
| Anabolism | Process that builds food molecules into complex chemical compounds. |
| Liver Functions | 1)secretes bile 2) processes blood to help maintain normal blood glucose concentration 3) site of protein, carbohydrate and fat metabolism 4) removes toxins from the blood 5) synthesizes several kinds of protein compounds 6) stores some vitamins. |
| Carbohydrate Metabolism | Preferred energy food of the body. |
| Three series chemical reactions that make up the process of glucose metabolism | glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport system |
| Glycolysis | 1) occurs in cytoplasm of the cell 2) anaerobic process uses no oxygen 3) changes glucose to pyruvic acid which converts to acetyl CoA 4)Yields small amount of energy. |
| Citric acid cycle | 1)occurs in the mitochondria 2) aerobic process requires oxygen 3) changes acetyl CoA to carbon dioxide 4) yeilds small amount of energy 5) most energy leaving this cyle is in form of high-energy electrons. |
| Electron transport system | 1)occurs in the mitrochondria 2) transfers energy from high-energy electons to ATP molecules 3) ATP serves as direct source of energy for cells. |
| Energy transferred to ATP differs... | 1) from energy in food molecules 2) not stored-it is released almost instantly 3) can be used directly to do cellular work. |
| Blood glucose | Blood sugar,normally stays between 80 and 110 mg per 100 ml of blood during fasting |
| Insulin | Accelerates the movement of glucose out of the blood into cells, therefore decreases blood glucose and increases glucose catabolism. |
| Fat metabolism | 1)fats are primarily an energy food 2)converted to glucose by catabolism 3)excess fat is anabolized to form adipose tissue. |
| Protein metabolism | 1) proteins are catabolized for energy only after carbohydrate and fat stores are depleted 2) Gluconeogenesis breaks apart amino acids to convert them to glucose. |
| Vitamins | Organic molecules that are needed in small amounts for normal metabolism. |
| Avitaminosis | Deficiency of a vitamin that can lead to severe metabolic porblems. |
| Avitaminosis C | Can lead to scurvy |
| Hypervitaminosis | Excess of a vitamin that can be very serious amd may be chronic or acute. |
| Minerals | Inorganic molecules found naturally in the earth that are required by the body for normal function and can attach to enzymes to facilitate their work. |
| Basal metabolic rate | BMR-rate of metabolism when a person is lying down but awake and not digesting food and when the environment is comfortably warm. |
| Total metabolic rate | TMR-the total amounts of energy, expressed in calories used by the body per day. |
| Inborn errors of metabolism | Genetic conditions involving deficient or abnormal metabolic enzymes. |
| Anorexia nervosa | Chronic refusal to eat |
| Bulimia | Alternating pattern of craving of food followed by a period of self denial. |
| Bulimarexia | Self denial that triggers self-induced vomiting. |
| Obesity | Abnormally high proportion of afat in the body |
| Protein-calorie malnutrition | PCM-a deficiency of calories in general and proteins in particular. |
| Hypothalamus | Regulates the homeostasis of body temperature through a variety of processes. |
| Overheated body | blood flow to the skin increases. |
| Heat is lost.. | through the skin by radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation. |
| Fever | unusually high body temperature associated with systemic inflammation response. |
| Malignant hyperthermia | MH-inherited condition that causes increased body temperature and muscle rigidity when exposed to certain anesthetics. |
| Heat exhaustion | Loss of fluid as the body tries to cool itself and may be accompanied by heat cramps. |
| Heatstroke | sunstroke-overheating of body in a warm environment. |
| Hypothermia | Reduced body temperature from a cold environment. |
| Frostbite | local tissue damage caused by extreme cold and may cause necrosis or gangrene |
| Glycogenesis | Formation of glycogen from glucose or from other monsaccharides, fructose or galactose. |
| Thermoregulation | Maintaining homeostasis of body temperature. |
| Radiation | Flow of heat waves away from the blood |
| Conduction | Transfer of heat energy to the skin and then the external environment. |
| Convection | Transfer of heat energy to air that is continually flowing from the skin |
| Evaporation | Absorption of theat by water (sweat) vaporization. |
| Mitochondria | Threadlike structures |
| Cytoplasm | Gel like substance of a cell exclusive of the nucleus and other organelles |
Created by:
ROSSMIBOA
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