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Mod 3B A&P Ch. 17
The Digestive System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Alimentary canal | GI Tract; extends from mouth to anus, 29ft in length and involved in digestion, absorption and metabolism of nutrients. |
| Main organs of digestive system | mouth, pharyns, esophagus, stomaach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anal canal |
| Accessory organs of digestive system | teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, vermiform appendix |
| Mouth | Oral Cavity; hollow chamber with a roof, floor and walls |
| Roof of mouth | formed by hard and soft palate |
| Uvula | downward projection of the soft palate |
| Uvula and soft palate | prevent food and liquid from entering nasal cavities; assists in speech and swallowing |
| Floor of mouth | formed by tongue and its muscles |
| Lingual frenulum | fold of mucous membrane that helps anchor the tongue to the floor of the mouth. |
| Papillae | Small elevations on mucosa of tongue; taste buds found in many papillae. |
| Types of teeth | incisors, cuspids, bicuspids, tricuspids |
| Deciduous teeth | baby or primary teeth |
| Full set of deciduous teeth | 20 teeth |
| First tooth erupts... | about 6 months of age |
| Complete set of teeth in place... | about 2 years of age |
| Full set of permanent teeth | 32 teeth in most; 28 in normal variation |
| Complete set of permanent teeth... | between ages of 17 and 24 years |
| Structures of typical tooth | crown, neck, root |
| Leukoplakia | precancerous condition of mouth tissue |
| Snuff dipper's pouch | caused by use of chewing tobacco |
| Squamous cell carcinoma | most common form of mouth cancer |
| Dental caries | tooth disease resulting in permanent defect called a cavity; infection may spread to other adjacent tissues or to blood. |
| Lost or diseased teeth... | may be replaced by dentures or implants. |
| Gingivitis | gum inflammation or infection |
| Causes of gingivitis | poor oral hygiene; complication of diabetes, vitamin deficiency or pregnancy. |
| Thrush | Oral candidiasis; caused by yeastlike fungal organism. |
| Periodonitis | Inflammation of periodontal membrane; leading cause of tooth loss in adults |
| Causes of periodonitis | advanced or untreated gingivitis |
| Cleft lip or cleft palate | most common congenital defect of the mouth; may occur alone or together |
| Cause of cleft lip or cleft palate | failure of mouth structures to fuse during embryonic development. |
| How many pairs of salivary glands | three |
| Salivary glands | 1)secrete about 1 liter of saliva per day 2) located outside of GI tract 3)convey secretions via ducts into tract lumen. |
| Parotid glands | 1)Largest salivary gland 2)located in front of ear at angle of jaw 3)ducts open into mouth opposite second molars 4)become inflamed in mumps |
| Submandibular glands | Ducts open on either side of lingual frenulum |
| Sublingual glands | Ducts open into floor of mouth |
| Salivary amylase | contained in saliva and begins digestion of carbohydrates |
| Pharynx | throat; lined with mucous membrane; subdivided into three anatomical segments. |
| Lumen | hollow space within the "tube" of the digestive tract. |
| Mucosa | mucous epithelium |
| Submucosa | connective tissue |
| Muscularis | Two layers of smooth muscle that move food through the tube by rhythmic muscular waves knows as peristalis. |
| Serosa | Serous membrane that covers the outside of abdominal organs. |
| Esophagus | 1) muscular, mucous lined tube about 10 inches long 2) connects pharynx to stomach 3) muscular walls push food toward stomach |
| Function of the upper and lower sphincters | help keep ingested material moving in one direction down the tube. |
| GERD | Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease |
| GERD definition | Backflow of acidic stomach contents into esophagus causes symptoms of heartburn and indigestion. |
| Mild symptoms of GERD treated how... | dietary changes, weight loss, acid blocking or buffering medications |
| Complications of GERD | Can trigger asthma attacks, cause severe chest pain, bleeding or narrowing and chronic irritation of esophagus. |
| Untreated GERD | May result in precancerous condition called Barrett esophagus |
| Stomach | 1)Pouch for food that lies in upper part of abdominal cavity just under diaphragm 2)Expands after eating |
| Functions of stomach | Contraction of muscular walls of stomach mixes food with gastric juice and breaks it down into chyme. |
| Rugae | |
| Divisions of stomach | fundus, body, pylorus |
| Pyloric sphincter muscle | Closes opening of pylorus to retain foot to facilitate partial digestion. |
| Pylorus | Lower part of stomach |
| Gastroenterology | Study of stomach and intestines and their diseases. |
| Gastritis | inflammation of stomach |
| anorexia | appetite loss |
| Nausea | Upset stomach |
| Emesis | Vomiting |
| Pylorospasm | 1) Abnormal spasms of the pyloric sphincter 2) common in infants |
| Pyloric stenosis | Obstructive narrowing of the pyloric opening. |
| Ulcer | 1)Open wound in stomach caused by acid in gastric juice 2)often occurs in duodenum or stomach 3) associated with infection by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and use of NSAIDs |
| Stomach cancer | Associated with consumption of alcohol or preserved food, use of chewing tobacco or infection of H. pylori; no practical way to screen for early stages. |
| Small Intestine | About 20 feet long (7 meters) and 2 cm in diameter. |
| Divisions of small intestine | Duodenum, jejunum, ileum |
| Enteritis | intestinal inflammation |
| Gastroenteritis | Inflammation of stomach and intestines |
| Malabsorption syndrome | Group of symptoms resulting from failure to absorb nutrients properly |
| Liver | 1) Largest gland and fills upper right section of abdominal cavity and extends over into left side |
| Functions of liver | Secretes bile |
| Hepatic ducts | drains bile from liver |
| Cystic duct | where bile enters and leaves gallbladder |
| Common bile | formed by union of hepatic and cystic ducts and drains bile from hepatic or cystic ducts into duodendum. |
| Gallbladder | Undersurface of liver and concentrates and stores bile produced by the liver. |
| Gallstones | hard clumps made of cholesterol crystallized bile pigments and calcium salts. |
| Cholelithiasis | Condition of having gallstones |
| Cholecystitis | Inflammation of the gallbladder |
| Hepatitis | Liver inflammation |
| Cause of Hepatitis | Toxins, bacteria, viruses, hepatitis A B C and parasites. |
| Cirrhosis | Degeneration of liver tissue |
| Portal hypertension | High BP in the hepatic portal veins caused by obstruction of blood flow in a diseased liver |
| Pancreas | Pancreatic cells secrete pancreatic juice into pancreatic ducts; main duct empties into duodenum |
| Pancreatic islets | Cells not connected with pancreatic ducts; secrete hormones glucagon and insulin into the blood. |
| Pancreatitis | Inflammation of pancreas |
| Acute pancreatitis | Results from blocked ducts that force pancreatic juice to backflow |
| Cystic fibrosis | Thick secretions block flow of pancreatic juice |
| Pancreatic cancer | very serious, fatal in majority of cases |
| Large Intestine | 1.5 meters long and forms lower portion of digestive tract |
| Divisions of large intestine | Cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal |
| Diverticulitis | Inflammation of abnormal out-pouchings called diverticula; may cause constipation |
| Colitis | General name for any inflammatory condition of the large intestine |
| Colorectal cancer | Common malignancy of the colon and rectum, associated with colonic polyps due to low fiber, high fat diets and genetic predispostion. |
| Vermiform appendix | Blind tube attached directly to the cecum |
| Appendicitis | Inflammation or infection of appendix which may rupture and infectious material may spread to other organs AFFECTS 7% to 12% 30 and younger. |
| Peritoneum | Large sheet of serous membrane |
| Parietal layer | lines abdominal cavity |
| Visceral layer | covers abdominal organs |
| Peritoneal space | Lies between parietal and visceral layers |
| Extensions of peritoneum | Largest are ht mesentery and greater omentum. |
| Mesentery | Attaches most of small intestine to posterior abdominal wall |
| Greater omentum | Hangs down from lower edge of stomach and transverse colon over intestines. |
| Peritonitis | Inflammation of peritoneum resulting from infection or other irritant |
| Ascites | Abnormal accumulation of fluid in peritoneal space that often causes bloating of abdomen. |
| Digestion | process that transforms food into a form that can be absorbed and used by cells |
| Mechanical digestion | chewing, swallowing, and peristalsis break food into tiny particles, mix them well with digestive juices and move them along the digestive tract. |
| Chemical digestion | Breaks up large food molecules into compounds having smaller molecules and is brought about by digestive enzymes. |
| Enzymes | Protein molecules that act as catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions. |
| Hydrolysis | Enzymes speed up reactions that add water to break large molecules into smaller molecules |
| Pancreatic amylase | Changes starches to maltose |
| Maltase | changes maltose to glucose |
| Sucrase | changes sucrose to glucose |
| Lactase | changes lactose to glucose |
| Carbohydrate digestion | in small intestine |
| Protein digestion | starts in stomach completed in small intestine |
| Absorption | Digested food moves from intestine into blood or lymph |
| Absorption site | Foods and most water are absorbed in small intestine |
Created by:
ROSSMIBOA
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