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Honors Bio.6
Chapters 11,13, and 14
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Genetics | the scientific study of heredity |
| True-breeding | able to produce identical offspring |
| Trait | specific characteristic |
| Hybrid | crosses between parents with different traits |
| Alleles | different forms of a gene |
| Segregation | separation of alleles |
| Probability | the likely hood something will happen/occur |
| Punnet Square | a diagram used for determining gene combinations |
| Homozygous | organisms with two identical alleles |
| Heterozygous | organisms with two different alleles |
| Phenotype | physical characteristics |
| Genotype | genetic makeup |
| Independent assortment | genes for different traits can segregate independently |
| Incomplete dominance | one allele is not completely dominant over another |
| Codominance | both alleles contribute to the phenotype |
| Multiple alleles | genes with more than two alleles |
| Polygenic traits | traits controlled by two or more genes |
| Diploid | contains both sets of homologous chromosomes |
| Haploid | contain only a single set of chromosomes and genes |
| Gene map | diagram showing the relative locations of genes |
| Selective breeding | allowing only those animals with desired characteristics to produce the next generation |
| Hybridization | crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best traits of both organisms |
| Inbreeding | the continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics |
| Genetic engineering | making changes in the DNA code of a living organism |
| Restriction enzymes | enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific set of nucleotides |
| Gel electrophoresis | a mixture of DNA fragments is placed at one end of a porous gel, and an electric voltage is applied to the gel |
| Recombinant DNA | DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources |
| Polymerase chain reaction | allows biologists to make many copies of a particular gene |
| Plasmid | circular DNA molecule |
| Genetic marker | a gene that makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that carry the plasmid form those that don't |
| Transgenic | organisms that contain genes from other species |
| Clone | a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell |
| Karyotype | a picture of chromosomes arranged in groups of pairs |
| Sex chromosomes | they determine an individuals sex |
| Autosomes | the remaining 44 chromosomes |
| Pedigree | shows the relationships within a family |
| Sex linked genes | genes located on the sex chromosomes |
| Nondisjunction | when homologous chromosomes fail to separate |
| DNA fingerprinting | analysis of sections of DNA that have little or no known function |
| Amniocentesis | a small sample of amniotic fluid is drawn out of the uterus through a needle inserted in the abdomen |
| Chorionic villus sampling | a form of prenatal diagnosis to determine genetic abnormalities in the fetus |
| Cross-pollination | Fertilization by transfer of pollen from the anthers of one flower to the stigma of another. |
| Dihybrid cross | A genetic cross between individuals with different alleles for two gene loci of interest |
| Dominant | An allele or a gene that is expressed in an organism’s phenotype, masking the effect of the recessive allele or gene when present. |
| Exon | The protein-coding region in the DNA. |
| Gene | The fundamental, physical, and functional unit of heredity. |
| Genome | the complete set of genes in an organism. |
| Heredity | he passing of genetic factors from parent to offspring (or from one generation to the next) |
| Introns | Non-coding, intervening sequences of dna that are transcribed, but are removed from within the primary gene transcript and rapidly degraded during maturation of messenger rna |
| Linkage group | a set of two or more loci that have been shown by linkage analysis to be physically close in the genome but that have not yet been assigned to specific chromosomes |
| Gregor Mendel | Augustinian monk and botanist who formulated the laws of heredity based on his careful breeding experiments on garden pea plants |
| Monohybrid cross | A genetic cross between homozygous individuals but with different alleles for a single gene locus of interest |
| Mutation | A change in or the process of changing, e.g. nature, form or quality |
| Operator | A segment of DNA where the repressor binds to, thereby preventing the transcription of certain genes |
| Operon | A group of genes or a segment of DNA that functions as a single transcription unit |
| Polyploid | an organism or cell having more than twice the haploid number of chromosomes |
| Promoter | A site in a DNA molecule at which RNA polymerase and transcription factors bind to initiate transcription of mRNA |
| Purebred | An animal that is of pure breed, i.e. whose ancestors on both sides have been members of a recognized breed |
| Recessive | Of, or pertaining to, a gene (or allele) whose phenotypic expression is masked by a dominant gene |
| Repressor | a regulatory protein that binds to an operator and blocks transcription of the genes of an opreon |
| Self pollination | The transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma of the same flower |
| Translocation | a chromosomal segment is moved from one position to another, either within the same chromosome or to another chromosome. |
| Trisomy | an abnormal condition where there are three copies, in stead of two, of a particular chromosome within the cell |
Created by:
lattee
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