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Chapter 11
Introduction to Genetics. meiosis, mitosis
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cell division | Consists of two phases, nuclear division followed by cytokinesis |
| Nuclear division | Divides the genetic material in a cell. Two kinds: mitosis and meiosis |
| Cytokinesis | Divides the cytoplasm to form two cells. Begins during telophase |
| Mitosis | Divides the nucleus so that both daughter cells are genetically identical. ** asexual reproduction ** chromosome number stays th |
| Meiosis | A reduction division, producing genetically variable daughter cells that contain half the genetic information of the parent cell. ** sexual reproduction ** Requires two rounds of cell division |
| Helicase | (Science: enzyme molecular biology) a prokaryote enzyme that uses the hydrolysis of atp to unwind the dna helix at the replication fork, to allow the resulting single strands to be copied. |
| Four phases in mitosis | Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
| dna polymerase | |
| Interphase | Period of the cell cycle which the cell is not dividing, the chromatin is enclosed within a clearly defined nuclear envelope. |
| Prophase | Three activities occur simultaneously. First, the nucleoli disappear and the chromatin condenses into chromosomes. Second, nuclear envelop breaks down. Third, the mitotic spindle is assembled. |
| hybrids | The offspring of crosses between parents with different traits |
| genes | the factors that are passed from parent to offspring |
| alleles | the different forms of a gene |
| principle of dominance | Mendel's second conclusion that states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive. |
| segregation | separation of alleles during gamete formation |
| gamete | sex cell |
| homozygous | having two identical alleles for a particular gene |
| heterozygous | having two different alleles for the same gene |
| phenotype | physical characteristics of an organism |
| genotype | genetic makeup of an organism |
| Punnett Square | diagram that can be used to predict the genotype and phenotype combinations of a genetic cross |
| Independent assortment | The principle states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes. It helps to account for the many genetic variations in organisms even when the organisms have the same parents. |
| Incomplete Dominance | situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele. |
| codominance | situation in which the phenotypes produced by both alleles are completely expressed |
| multiple alleles | a gene with more than two alleles |
| polygenic traits | traits controlled by two or more genes |
| diploid | a cell that contains two sets of homologous chromosomes. 2N |
| homologous | term used to refer to chromosomes in which one set comes from the male parent and one set comes from the female parent |
| haploid | a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes. Ex: the gametes of sexually reproducing organisms N |
| tetrad | structure containing four chromatids that forms during meiosis |
| chromatid | one of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome |
| chromosome | threadlike structure of DNA and protein that contains genetic information; in eukaryotes, chromosomes are found in the nucleus; in prokaryotes, they are found in the cytoplasm |
| eukaryote | organism whose cells contain a nucleus |
| prokaryote | unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus |
| crossing-over | Occurs in Prophase I of Meiosis I. Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis. It produces new combinations of alleles in the cell. |
| meiosis I | a diploid cell undergoes a series of events that results in the production of two daughter cells. Neither daughter cell has the same sets of chromosomes that the original diploid cell had. |
| meiosis II | produces four haploid daughter cells. |
| zygote | fertilized egg |
| interphase | Prior to Meiosis I, the cell undergoes a round of chromosome replication |
| prophase I | each replicated chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome. Pairing forms a tetrad. Crossing-over occurs in the phase. |
| metaphase I | In this phase of meiosis, paired homologous chromosomes line up across the center of the cell |
| anaphase I | In this phase of meiosis, spindle fibers pull each homologous chromosome pair toward opposite ends of the cell. |
| telophase I | in this phase of meiosis, a nucleur membrane forms around each cluster of chromosomes |
| cytokinesis | division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells |
| prophase II | the nuclear envelope is again dissolved and the spindle is set up again. Chromosomes become visiable. |
| Metaphase II | Chromosomes line up in the center of each cell. Two chromosomes instead of two tetrads. |
| replication | this occurs before a cell divides where it duplicates it DNA . Occurs during the late interphase of cell cycle, ensures that each resulting cell has the complete set of DNA molecules. |
| DNA Polymerase | an enzyme that joins the individual nucleotides to produce a new strand of DNA |
| DNA Replication | This is carried out by a series of enzymes that first "unzip" a molecule of DNA by breaking the hydrogen bonds between base pairs. *DNA molecule resulting from replication has one original and one new strand. |
Created by:
Mrsschenck
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