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EPPP- Lifespan
Lifespan Development
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| accommondation | modifying existing cog structure to adjust to reality demands |
| acoustic | pitch, tone, and volume |
| Activity theory | old age is fulfilling when remains active |
| adaption | assimiliation and accommodation |
| adolescent alcohol, drug, and tobacco use | |
| adolescent egocentrism | |
| adult attachment interview | |
| Ainsworth's attachment patterns | secure, avoidant, ambivalent, disorganized-disoriented |
| Allele | alternate forms of gene- blue and green eyes |
| aneuploidy | type of chromosome abnormality, disorders due to a variation in chromosome number |
| assimilation | incorporating new info into existing cog structures |
| attachment to fathers | |
| Audition in newborns | fetus hears n womb>last mon; nb> sens. 2 noise intensity>adult; auditory localization (ability 2 orient 2 sound)>birth- AB 2-4 mon; reappears>^1 yr; 3 mon distin btw voices-prefer mom; sens. 2 sounds-days>born dist. btw a-i>2-3 mon btw similar constant |
| Audition changes in adulthood | problems with hearing by 40; most no sign until 75; 75-79- 50% deficits interfere with daily life; biggest problem=decrease ability to perceive high frequency sounds, occurs earlier in men>women & makes hard hear speech, esp when competing noise |
| Authoritarian parenting | controlling and require unquestioned obedience |
| Authoritative parenting | firm, fair, and reasonable |
| autobiographical memory | |
| autonous morality | |
| autosome | twenty two pairs of chromosomes, the remaining 23rd pair contains sex chromosome- all human cells except sperm and ovuum contain 46 chromosomes that are arranged in 23 pairs |
| autosomal disorder | when disorder is carred on an autosome and results in chromosomal abnormality |
| babbling | |
| babinski reflex | toes fan out and upwards when sole are tickled |
| basic emotions | |
| Baumrind's Parenting Patterns | authoritarian, permissive (indifferent/indulgent), authoritative |
| behavioral inhibition | |
| Behavioralist (language) | |
| Bem's theory | |
| bilingual education | |
| bilingualism | |
| birth defect | Any defect present in a baby at birth, irrespective of whether the defect is caused by a genetic factor or by prenatal events that are not genetic. Includes chromosomal disorders, exposure to teratogen, and poor maternal health |
| Brain Development | brain is only 25% of adult weight, by age 2 years, brain has reached nearly 80% of adult weight- less due to new neurons, more due to increase in their size and interconnections and the formation of glial cells, (responsible for mylination of nerve fibers |
| Brain Region affected by alcohol during pregnancy | depends on several factors including amount and stage of pregnancy when exposed, but in general the corpus collusum, hppocampus, hypothalamus, cerebellum, basal ganglia, and frontal lobes |
| Bronfenbrenner' ecological model | microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem |
| Brown vs. Board of Education | Equal educational opportunities |
| Buckly admendment | federal law giving student over 18 and their parents the right to access school records |
| buffering hypothesis | |
| centrism | inabilty to focus on more than one aspect of problem at a time |
| cerebral cortex | responsible for higher order cogntiive functions- language, spatial skills, and complex motor activites- underdeveloped at birth- frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital |
| child maltreatment | |
| child sex abuse | |
| Child's age and divorce | |
| childhood (infantile) amnesia | |
| children's understaning of death | |
| Chomsky | |
| Chromosomal Abnormalities | include a variation in the number of chromosomes and an alteration in the structure of the chromosomes |
| Chromosomal Disorders | disorders related to the chromosome are the result of the inheritance of a single dominant gene or two recessive genes or to chromosomal abnormality |
| chronic illness in children | ^ risk 4 internal/external sxs no formal dx; ill severity best pred less serious=^adjust, ^SES, 2parent fam, low visible disfig, & +paren adjust= +results; kids w/ cancer, HIV, & life-threaten do ^ psych outcome=early accurate/develop. appro illness info |
| chronosystem | role of the passage of time in the person's life, events in life that impact in ways depending on circumstances and developmental stage (the immeadiate and long term effects of a change in the family structure or socioeconomic status |
| Cocaine used by Pregnant women | increases risk for stillbirth and spontaneous abortion, infants at high risk for SIDS sudden infant death syndrome, seizures, low birthweight, and reduced head circumference, exhibit tremors, exagerated startle response, high pitched cry, sleep and feedi |
| Code Switching | |
| coercive family interaction model | |
| Cognitive changes in adulthood | |
| Cognitive play stages | repetitive, constructive, imaginative, formal games with rules |
| compensatory preschool programs | |
| Complications during birth | prolonged anoxia (oxygen shortage) can be due to cord or drugs given to mom- consquence of anoxia |
| Concrete Operational Stage | |
| conservation | |
| contact comfort | |
| Cooing | |
| cooperative play | |
| critical period of development | if certain things don't occur, unable to compensate, specific predetermined period of time during biological maturation when an organism is particularly sensitive to certain stimuli that can have either a postive or negative impact on development |
| Crying | |
| custody arrangement | |
| Cytomegalovirus and pregnant | Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) a type of herpes is passed from an infected mom to fetus through placenta- 1% of all newborns are infected- 10% of these have symptoms at birth (low birthweight, petechial rash, microencephaly, enlarged liver and spleen, r |
| daycare | |
| Decalage | unevenness in development in any area |
| deep dyslexia | mistakenly reads a given word as one with similar meaning |
| deep structure | |
| deletion | alteration in chromosome structure- occurs when part of chromosome is missing (Praeder- Willis syndrome is caused by deletion) |
| diminshed capacity to parent | |
| dishabituation | when the infant's responsivity increases following a change in the stimulus |
| Dominant gene disorder | due to the inheritance of a single dominant gene from one parent (example- Huntington's Disease- autosomal dominant gene) |
| Down Syndrome | autosomal recessive disorder, extra chromosome 21, three chromosomes on 21- characterized by mental retardation,retarded physical growth and motor development, distinict physical features, and increased suspectibility to Alzheimer's dementias, leukemia, a |
| early emotions | |
| Early Milestones | 1-3<>head ^chin; 4-6-roll; 5-9-teeth; 8-9-sit solo; 9-10-pull; 10-11-stand solo; 12-step; 13-15-walk solo; 15-scribble cup; 18-spoon run; 24-stair solo kick ball .5potty day turn pgs; 30-jump 2ft good hand eye; 36-ride trik dress potty; 48-pref r/l hand |
| Early Reflexes | reflexes= unlearned responses to specific stimuli in environment; include babinski reflex (toes fan out & ^ when soles tickled) & Moro reflex (flings arms & legs outwards & then towards body in response to loud noise of sudden loss of physical support) |
| echolalia | imitation of sounds without comprehension |
| Ecological Model | Bronfenbrenner described the context in terms of 5 eenvironmental systems or levels |
| effects of age on memory | |
| effects of divorce of children | |
| effects of divorce on parenting | |
| effects of early training | Research on impact of practive on motor devel.= early training can ^ age @ baby 1st exhibits basic motor skills, effects dont generalize 2 other skills; >time babies w/&w/out indistinguishable; training n complex skills ^ proficiency in those skills later |
| effects of maternal employment | |
| egocentrism | |
| Elkind's adolescent thinking | personal fable, imaginary audience |
| embryonic period | second stage of prenatal development- week 3 until 8th week |
| emotional inexpressive pattern | |
| emotional volatile attack-defend pattern | |
| empathy | |
| emotional contagion | |
| epigenesis | dev occur in a series of stages |
| Erikson's psychosocial stages | hope, will, purpose, competence, fidelity, love, care, wisdom |
| exosystem | relationship between two or more systems where one is indirect, elements in broader environment that affect the child's immeadiate environment and include the parents workplace, the school board, community agencies, local industry, and mass media |
| expansion | |
| expressive jargon | |
| extension | |
| family composition | |
| Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE) | FAE is more common than FAS, and is the result of moderate alcohol consumption regularly throughout pregnancy- children less likely to have facial abnormalities and MR but exhibit many other symptoms of FAS, although milder or less severely- most symptoms |
| Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) | at risk for FAS if drinks daily or engages in binge drinking in early stages of pregnancy- characteristics include retarded physical growth, heart, kidney, and liver defects, vison and hearing impairment, MR, LD, and behavioral problems (hyperactivity, im |
| fetal period | final stage of prenatal development 9th week until birth |
| first words | |
| Formal Operational Stage | |
| friendship in childhood and adolescence | |
| gay and lesbian parents | |
| gender and aggression | |
| Gender and language style | |
| Gender and teacher feedback | |
| Gender difference in achievement | |
| Gender differences in motor development | apparent n midchildhood- girls ^ physically mature> same-aged boys & are superior n skills=flexibility agility & balance; boys ^ physical skills=gross-motor & strength; in adol. disparity ^boys=^motor; due 2 adipose tissue, girls ^fat^matur.- oppos. 4Boys |
| Gender difference in biological vulnerability | males ^ biologically vulnerable>females; ^ males stillborn/spontaneously abort, & ^% male infants die>congenital malformation/birth injury; males^vulnerable>females 2 DO>biology= physical illness (heart disease cancer & diabetes) & MR, LD, & certain bx DO |
| gender role identity | |
| Gender-Schema theory | children use gender as a schema to organize their world |
| genotype | genetic makeup of a person- both expressed and unexpressed |
| germinal period | first stage of prenatal development, first 2 wks- zygote divides and implants itself onto uterus wall, fertilized ovum |
| Giftedness | |
| Gilligan's moral development theory | Justice (men)- Caring (women): individual survival, self-sacrifice, nonviolence |
| goodness-of-fit model | |
| Grammatically correct sentences | |
| grasp reflex | making a firm fist |
| Griefing stages | numbness, yearning, disorganization & despair, resolution/reorganization |
| habituation in newborns | occurs when the infant's response to a stimulus decreases when the stimulus is repeatedly presented |
| Harry Harlow | monkeys' contact comfort |
| Health belief model | perceptions of vulnerablity and beliefs about illness influences health behavior |
| heinz dilema | |
| Hemophilia | excessive bleeding, mostly males |
| heteronomous morality | |
| heterozygous | has inherited the gene from only one parent, one dominant gene in parent will result in child displaying trait if they inherit it (brown eyes, dark hair, farsightedness) |
| HIV/AIDS and pregnancy | risk of transmission from mom to baby |
| holophrasic speech | says the first word (10-14 mos) |
| homozygous | inherited from both parents, when trait is dominant and child receives they wll have exhibit that trait- when trait is recessive gene a child must be homozygous with regard to that gene in order to display the trait (green eyes, hazel eyes, blue eyes, blo |
| Huntington's Disease | due to inheritance of autosomal dominant gene, characterized by combo of psychiatric, cognitive, and motor symptoms |
| identity status | |
| imaginary audience | everyone is thinking about the same things, regarding themselves |
| imprinting | |
| Inductive discipline | calling attention to neg consequences for others of child's beh |
| Information processing theories | focuses on quantitative changes that occur over the life span |
| inhibition | interference in learning |
| Interactionist (language) | |
| intergenerational effects of attachment | |
| internal working model | |
| inversion | alteration in chromosome structure- occurs when a chromosome breaks into two places and the segment formed by the breaks invert (turns upside down) and reattaches to the chromosome- may be inherited but in humans, usually does not affect phenotype |
| John Bowlby's Maternal Deprivation Syndrome | Protest, Despair, Detachment |
| Klinefelter Syndrome | abnormality in number of sex chromosomes- XXY, only in men, taller, lower IQ, abnormal dev of sex characteristics- small penis and testes, develops breasts in puberty- limited interest in sex activity, often sterile, may have LD |
| Kohlberg's moral reasoning theory | preconventional (4-10), conventional (10+), postconventional (13+) |
| Kubler-Ross Stages confronting own death (DABDA) | denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance |
| Language and thought | |
| Larry R. vs. Riles | banned the use of IQ tests for placing children in educable retarded classes (disproportionate amount of minority students) |
| Lead exposure and Pregnancy | associated with low birth weight and MR |
| Levinson's Seaons of a Man's Life theory | Early, Entering, Age 30, Settling down, Mid-life, Middle, Age 50, Late |
| Lorenz attachment | duckling imprinted 12-17 hrs after birth |
| macrosystem | culture, religion, economy and political systems |
| magical thinking | |
| Mahler's developmental stages | normal infantile autism, symbiosis, differentiation, practicing, rapprochment, object constancy |
| Malnutrition and pregnancy | assoc. w/miscarriage, stillbirth, low birth weight, & > supressed immune system, MR, and other probs. Severe malnutrition in 3rd trimester (especially protein defiency) is particular bad &> in reduced mylination, reduced # of neurons, & neurotransmitter a |
| Marcia's adolescence dev stages | identity achievement, foreclosures, moratorium, identity diffusion |
| marital roles | |
| marital satisfaction | |
| maternal depression | |
| memory strategies | |
| menarche | first mentrual period |
| mesosystem | interaction between various microsystems, such as influence on family factors on child's behaviors at school |
| Metalinguistic awareness | |
| microsystem | everyday environment the person encounters includes face to face interactions and relationships with peers, parents, siblings, and teachers |
| montessori method | |
| moro reflex | startle reflex-, fling arms and legs outwards and then towards the body in response to loud noise or sudden loss of physical support |
| morpheme | smallest meaningful unit of speech (daddy) |
| morophological bootstrapping | |
| myelination | continue brain development: speed, attention, etc < 20s |
| Nativist approach | |
| neglect | misreads first or last half of words |
| Neo-Piagetian | |
| Nicotine by Pregnant women | cigarette smoke associated with placenta abnormalities that can cause fetal death and stillbirth- infants born to smokers high risk for low birth weight, SIDS, and respirtory disease, and may have emotional and social disturbances and cognitive deficits |
| object constancy | maintain image and unify good and bad of the mother |
| object permanence | people continue to exist even when the child cannot see them |
| overextension | |
| Pain in newborns | newborns sensitive to pain; e.g., newborns circumcised w/out anestesia often react w/ a loud cry, facial grimace, & ^ heart rate, b.p. & muscle tension; some evidence exposure to severe pain as newb impact later reactions (e.g. may ^ sensitivity to pain) |
| parallel play | |
| parental conflict | |
| Parenting styles | |
| patterns of attachment | |
| peer pressure in adolescence | |
| peer status | |
| Perception in newborns | high-amplitude sucking used 2 study perception n infants 1-4 months- reaching used w/ infants 12 weeks+- head turning good for 5.5-12 months- heart & respiration good across range of ages- habituation &dishabituation strategies researchers use 2 evaluate |
| perinatal period | 1 pound of weight (in utero) to one month after birth |
| personal fable | belief self as special and rules don't apply to them |
| phenotype | observable characteristics of the person, due to combination of environment and heridity |
| phoneme | smallest unit of speech (da) |
| phonological dyslexia | cannot read non-words aloud |
| Physical maturation in adolesence | adol. growth spurt>11-12=girls/boys=13-14; rapid growth 3-4 yrs; girls>full stature by 15/boys by 17; spurt=puberty- primary sex organs ^ & functionally mature & sec sex traits; neg con. of early/late mature most severe=think differ from peers |
| Piaget's moral developmental theory | heteronomous morality (5-10), autonomous morality (10+) |
| Piaget's developmental model | sensorimotor (0-2), preoperational (2-7), concrete operational (7-11), formal operational (11+) |
| PKU (Phenylketonuria) | autosomal recessive disorder- lack enzyeme necessary to metabolize phenylalanine, an amino acid found in milk, eggs, bread and other foods, - beginning on diet low in phenylaline soon after birth can prevent severe mr that can accompany this disorder, met |
| plasticity | flexibility in functioning, recover from brain damage- < 7-8y.o. |
| polygenic | influenced by multiple genes |
| Prader-Willis Syndrome | caused by chromosome deletion, children with this disorder have some degree of MR, are obese, and may exhibit OCD behaviors |
| predictors of divorce | |
| Premature | infant form > 37 weeks after conception- risk linked to low SES, teen moms, malnutrition, & drug use- most survive esp if weighs <3.3 lbs- in absence of serious abnormalities & w/ supportive environment & medical attention, most catch up to nonpremature p |
| prolonged separation | |
| Preoperational stage | |
| primary aging | wear-and-tear theory |
| prosodic bootstrapping | |
| race and racial preference | |
| recency effect | person who speaks last remebered best in smaller gap situations |
| Recessive gene disorder | due to the inheritance of a pair of recessive genes (one from each parent) examples- cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, Tay-Sach's disease, and phenylketonuria (PKU) |
| reducing aggression | |
| rejected and neglected children | |
| relational crisis | |
| remarriage | |
| remarriage and age and gender | |
| reminiscence bump | |
| Resilience | (Weiner and Smith)- Longitudinal research found exposure 2 early (perinatal and prenatal) stress may be ameliorated when fewer stressors following birth, exhibits good communication skills & social responsiveness, & receives stable support from a parent/o |
| rooting reflex | turning head, opening mouth, sucking, in direction of touch applied to cheek |
| Rubella during pregnancy | if mom infected especially during first trimester, infant is at high risk for heart defects, blindness, deafness, and MR |
| Rutter's indicators | 6 family risk factors that accurately predict child psychopathy |
| Sapir-Whorf hypothesis | speakers of different languages think differently |
| scaffolding | teachers adjust their levels of help base on child's performance |
| Second-language acquisition | |
| secondary aging | results from desease, disues, and neglect of body |
| self awareness | |
| self conscious emotions | |
| self fulfilling prophecy (Rosental) effect | |
| semantic | meaning |
| semantic bootstrapping | |
| sensitive period of development | if certain things don't occur, may be able to compensate, most believe in this rather than critical periods, longer in duration than critical periods and more flexible, not tied as closely to chronological age or maturational stage |
| Sensorimotor Stage | |
| seperation anxiety | |
| sexual activity in late adulthood | |
| sex chromosome | 23rd pair of chromosomes- contains sex chromosome, in females the sex chromosomes are same and are designated as XX in males the sex chromosome differ and are designated as XY |
| sex linked disorder | when chromosomal disorder is carried on a sex chromosome |
| sexual dimorphism | systematic differences between different sex in the same species |
| sibling relationship | |
| Sickle-cell anemia | mostly in Af-Ams, deformed, fragile red blood cells that clog vessels |
| signs of attachment | |
| simple social (associative) play | |
| sleeper effect | |
| Small for gestational age (SGA) | when newborn's weight <10th percentile for gestational age. More serious than premature- develop @ less than normal rate, & @ high risk for asphyxia during birth, respiratory disease, hypoglycemia, & other physical problems & LDs & ADHD- in 2004 rate=8.1% |
| Social buffer hypothesis | perception of having an adequate social network reduces risk of emotional distress |
| social cognitive factors of aggression | |
| social referencing | |
| social relationships in adulthood | |
| socioemotional selectivity theory | |
| sociocultural theory | |
| Social play stages | solitary, parallel, associative, cooperative |
| spermarche | first ejaculation |
| stages of cognitive development | |
| stages of language acquisition | |
| Stepping (walking) | makes coordinated walking movement when held upright with feet touching flat surface |
| stepfathers | |
| stepparents | |
| stranger anxiety | |
| Strength, coordination, and reaction time in adulthood | aging linked to declines in strength and endurance; less efficient sensorimotor control, &^reaction time- normal aging linked associated with bx slowing- speed of bx may be criterion for assessing impact of intervention on rate and processes of aging |
| Stress during pregnancy | severe and prolonged emotional stress, higher risk for premature, low birthweight, baby that is irritable and hyperactie, and exhibits irregular feeding, sleeping and bowel habits- stress reduced when has adequate social support and personal support prior |
| surface dyslexia | cannot recognize words, but sounds them out |
| Surface strucure | |
| syntactic | grammatical |
| sytantical bootstrapping | |
| Taste and smell in newborns | newborns responsive to different tastes and odors, within hours of borth, their facial expressions show can differientate between sweet and nonsweet tastes and have preference of sweet liquids |
| Teacher expectancy | |
| Teacher feedback | |
| telegraphic speech | puts two words together (18-24 mos) |
| Temperament types | easy temperament, difficult temperament, slow-to-warm-up infants |
| teratogens | substances> birth defects in fetus. Includes drugs, chemicals, toxins, other environmental agents that interfere w/ normal prenatal development including maternal conditions- exposure. in embryonic stage (3-8) wks likely> major structural abnormalities |
| translocation | alteration in chromosome structure- the transfer of a chromosome segment to another chromosome |
| Turner Syndrome | only women, due to abnormality # sex chromosomes-1 X, no menstruation, no ovulation, short, have characteristic physical features (drooping eyelids, webbed necks), have retarded/absence 2nd sex characteristics, & may have certain cognitive deficits |
| TV | |
| Underextension | |
| Vision in Newborns | least developed sense @ birth. newborn= 20 ft, normal adult=200-400 ft, by 6 mon, visual acuity close 2 adults- limited color vision 2 mon., some depth perception 4-6 mon. depth perception pattern: kinetic>binocular>pictorial cues |
| Visual changes in adulthood | prebyopia by 40; >65, vision changes interfere w/ ability to read, drive, & others; age related changes=loss of visual acuity, reduced depth/color perception, ^sensitivity 2 light, & deficits n visual search, dynamic vision, & speed of visual processing |
| Vocabulary growth | |
| Vygotsky's social developmental theory of cognitive development | |
| Early, late, and on time physical maturation for boys | early maturation=#benefits including better adjustment, ^ popularity w/peers, & superior athletic skills; late maturing boys=more childish, exhibit more attention seeking bx & have less confidence |
| Early, late, and on time physical maturation for girls | early maturation=negative consequences esp. in early adol.; early mature=poor self-concept, :( w/physical devel., poor acad. achieve, sexually-precocious bx & drug/alcohol use, ^risk 4 dep. or Eating DO, late mature=seen little girls, neg cons :( w/ body |
| presbyopia | inability to focus on close objects- develops at age 40 |
| gateway hypothesis | abuse of illicit drugs by adolescents which often begins with early use of gateway drugs (first tobacco and alcohol and marijuana), which is followed by use of cocaine, methampetamines, and/or other illicit drugs |
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