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AP Bio Cells/Signals
Chapters 6, 7, 11, 26, 27, 43, and 44
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Actin | Responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscles |
| Basal body | Used to secure cilia and flagella |
| Cell fractionation | The disruption of a cell and separation of its parts by centrifugation |
| Cell wall | A protective outer layer to cells |
| Central vacuole | The vacuole in plants that helps them maintain their structure and holds mostly water |
| Centriole | A organelle that aids in chromosome movement |
| Centrosome | Microtubule organizing center, made of 2 centrioles, important in chromosome movement |
| Chloroplast | An organelle that performs photosynthesis to make energy for autotrophs |
| Chromatin | The uncondensed packet of DNA that can be transcribed or replicated |
| Chromosome | A condensed packet of DNA |
| Cilia | A method of movement for unicellular organisms that includes little hair like structures |
| Collagen | Found in connective tissue and bone made of glycoprotien and found in the ECM and provides support |
| Contractile vacuole | A vacuole that pumps water out of the cell |
| Cytoplasm | The fluid in a cell |
| Cytoskeleton | The filaments, and mircotubules that provide the structure of the cell and aid in chromosome and organelle movement |
| Cytosol | The cytoplasm fluid of a cell |
| Desmosome | A type of junction between animal cells that functions as a rivet |
| Dynein | Helps to bend flagella and cilia |
| Electron microscope | The most advanced type of microscope that uses a beam of electrons to project an image onto a screen with a high degree of magnification |
| Endomembrane system | A system of membranes within the cell that connect various organelles together |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | An organelle that is part of the endomembrane system and modifies polypeptides for use inside the cell, contains Rough and Smooth parts |
| Eukaryotic cell | A cell with compartmentalized organelles and a nucleus |
| Extracellular matrix | The stuff cells are surrounded with composed on protein and polysaccarides |
| Flagellum | A extracellular "tail" that aids in movement |
| Food vacuole | A membranous sac formed by phagocytosis of mircroorganisms or particles to be used as food by the cell |
| Gap junction | A type of intercellular junction that allows for the passage of materials inbetween cells |
| Glycoprotein | A protein with a carbohydrate attached |
| Golgi apparatus | An organelle that modifies and packages proteins for transport out of the cell |
| Integrin | A protein that connects the ECM and the cytoskeleton |
| Intermediate filament | The medium size in the cytoskeleton |
| Light microscope | A microscope that uses light to illuminate the thing being looked at with moderate modification |
| Lysosome | A sac that encloses enzymes to break down food |
| Microfilament | Makes up most of the cytoskeleton, made of actin, responsible for cell contraction |
| Microtubule | A part of the cytoskeleton made of tublin and found in cilia and flagella |
| Middle lamella | A thin layer of EC material found between two young plant cells |
| Mitchondiron | An organelle that performs cellular respiration and provides energy for the cell |
| Myosin | A motor filament |
| Nuclear envelope | The membrane surrounding the nucleus that has little holes in it to allow the passage of mRNA and other signal molecules |
| Nuclear lamina | A net like area of fillaments that help the nucleus hold its shape |
| Nucleoid | The area in prokaryotic cells that holds the DNA |
| Nucleolus | The place where rRNA is stored and RNA is synthesized |
| Nucleus | The control center of the cell that holds the DNA, controls protein transcription, and directs the cellular functions |
| Organelle | A capartmentalized section of the cell that has a specific function |
| Peroxisome | An organelle that breaks down harmful chemicals |
| Phagocytosis | Cell eating |
| Plasma membrane | The membrane that surrounds cells and features a variety of structures to help it accomplish its function |
| Plasmodesmata | A gap junction in plants |
| Plastid | Chloroplasts and mitochondria |
| Pseudopodium | "False feet" used for movement |
| Ribosome | Makes proteins |
| Rough endoplasmic reticulusm | The ER with bound ribosomes that manages proteins made by the bound ribosomes |
| Smooth endoplasmic reticulum | The ER without ribosomes that detoxifies and manages lipids |
| Tight junction | A junction that doesn't let anything through |
| Tonoplast | The membrane of a vacuole |
| Transport vesicle | A vesicle that transports materials from one location to another |
| Ultracentrifuge | A centrifuge that spins very fast |
| Vesicle | An enclosed area of membrane |
| Anaerobic respiration | Respiration without the presence of oxygen |
| Biofilm | A group of mircroorganisms growing together |
| Capsule | The very outer layer of a bacteria cell |
| Chemoautotroph | Use inorganic energy sources (Like chemicals) |
| Chemoheterotroph | Unable to form their own organic compounds, but still use other energy sources |
| Chimeras | An organism composed of two different genetic codes (Like an organ transplant) |
| Commensalism | One species benefited, one not hurt or helped |
| Endosymbiosis | Symbiotic relationships that occur where one organism is inside the other |
| Facultative anaerobe | Can go through both aerobic and anaerobic respiration |
| Mutualismm | Both species benefit |
| Nitrogen fixation | The process by which atmospheric nitrogen is converted into ammonia |
| Nucleoid region | The nucleus region in prokaryotes |
| Obligtate aerobe | Cannot go through anaerobic respiration |
| Obligate anaerobe | Cannot go through aerobic respiration |
| Peptidoglycan | Found in the cell wall of bacteria |
| Photoautotroph | Can use light and carbon dioxide |
| Photoheterotroph | Can use light, but cannot use only carbon dioxide for carbon |
| Pilus | Hairlike appendage bacteria that can be use to transmit DNA |
| Plasmid | A extra piece of DNA that can be transformed into cells |
| Symbiosis | An interaction between two organisms |
| Water potential | Electrical potential energy due to solute concentration and pressure |
| Aquaphorin | A channel for water |
| Concentration gradient | A gradient based solely of concentration that says that substances will move from areas of higher concentration to lower concnetration |
| Cotransport | 2 substances are transported across the membrane by a single transport protein |
| Diffusion | Moving from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration |
| Electrochemical gradient | The gradient that is based on both membrane potential and concentration |
| Endocytosis | Bringing material into the cell |
| Exocytosis | Expelling cell material outside of the cell |
| Faciliated diffusion | Diffusion through protein channels that does not require ATP |
| Fluid mosaic model | The model used to describe the cell membrane |
| Gated channel | A channel that allows things to pass through that cannot directly diffuse through the membrane |
| Glycolipid | A lipid with some carbohydrates attached |
| Hypertonic | When the solute concentration is higher relative to another (hypertonic to the cell) |
| Hypotonic | When the solute concentraion is lower relative to another (hypotonic to the cell) |
| Integral protein | A protein that goes all the way through the lipid bilayer |
| Ion channel | A channel that allows small, polar molecules to go through into or out of the cell |
| Isotonic | Equal concentrations of solute in both sides of interest |
| Ligand | A small molecule that binds to the receptor to activate a signal trans |
| Membrane potential | The electrical potential energy across the membrane of a cell (Inside of a cell is more negative) |
| Osmoregulation | Regulating the amount of water in a cell using a vacuole |
| Osmosis | The diffusion of water across the membrane |
| Passive transport | Transport that does not require ATP |
| Peripheral protiein | Proteins not embedded in the lipid bilayer |
| Phagocytosis | Cell eating |
| Pinocytosis | Cell drinking |
| Plasmolysis | When a cell is flaccid, the cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall |
| Proton pump | An integral membrane protein that transports protons |
| Receptor-Mediated endocytosis | Endocytosis that brings in molecules because they attach to receptors on the cell membrane |
| Selective permeability | A phrase used to describe how the membrane only lets certain molecules through the membrane |
| Sodium potassium pump | An example of active transport to move ions against the gradient |
| Tonicity | The relative concentrations of the solute and solvent |
| Transport protein | Proteins that are responsible for moving molecules in and out of the cell |
| Turgid | Very plump, opposite of flaccid |
| Adenylyl cyclase | An enzyme that converts ATP into cAMP |
| Cyclic AMP | A type of secondary messenger "cAMP" |
| G protien | A family of proteins that transports signals from outside of the cell to inside the cell |
| G protein linked receptor | A type of signal transduction pathway that uses a g protein to bring the signal into the cell |
| Hormone | A substance that can signal other cells/parts of the body |
| Inositol trisphosphate | A type of secondary messenger |
| Ligand gated ion channel | An ion channel that uses a ligand signal molecule to open |
| Local regulator | A chemical signal that only affects nearby cells |
| Protein kinase | Adding a phosphate to energize |
| Protein phosphatase | Taking away a phosphate to denergize |
| Reception | The process of the ligand bonding to the receptor for the beginning of signal pathway |
| Receptor tyrosine kinase | A type of pathway that can produce two responses |
| Response | The endpoint of a signal pathway |
| Secondary messenger | A molecule that moves the signal message from the transduction site to the response site |
| Signal transduction pathway | The process by which a signal is transported into a cell for a response |
| Transduction | The process of getting a signal into a cell |
| Hypothalamus | Links nervous system and endocrine system |
| Pituitary | Helps to secrete hormones for other glands, secretes hormone for mammary production |
| Pineal gland | Controls the other glands |
| Thyroid | A gland that secretes various hormones such as thyroxine |
| Parathyroid | A Gland of the endocrine system that secretes PTH |
| Thymus | An organ of the immune system that trains the T-cells to fight specific pathogens |
| Pancreas | Secretes insulin and glucagon |
| ADH | Controls the amount of water the kidneys take up |
| Growth hormones | Hormones that stimulate growth |
| Thyroid stimulating hormone | A hormone that stimulates the thyroid to secrete thyroxine |
| Thryoxine | Plays a role in digestion and heart functioning |
| Calcitonin | Signals to decrease calcium in blood |
| Parathyroid hormone | Signals to increase calcium in blood |
| Insulin | A hormone that signals the body to take up glucose |
| Glucagon | A hormone that signals the body to release glucose |
| Melatonin | A hormone that controls sleep |
| Acquired immunity | Immunity that is gained overtime by exposure to various antigens due to memory cells |
| Antibody | A protein that targets an antigen |
| Antigen | A specific invader with the marker proteins of that invader |
| Antigen presentation | The process of which the antigen marker proteins are displayed on the helper T cell |
| Antigen receptor | Binding site for a particular receptor |
| Antigen presenting cell | A cell that engulfs the antigen and then presents its marker proteins on the cell membrane |
| Apoptosis | The process of controlled cell death |
| Autoimmune disease | A disease in which the body attacks itself |
| B cell receptor | A receptor on the B cell that binds to the antigen |
| B cell | A cell that secretes antibodies specific for the invader |
| Cell mediated immune response | Does not involve antibodies, but rather phages and NK cells |
| Class I MHC molecules | Displays antigen protiens to cytotoxic T cells |
| Class II MHC molecules | Displays antigen protiens for other cells |
| Cytotoxic T cell | A cell that actually kills the infected cells |
| Helper T cell | Activates B cells and cytoxic T cells |
| Human immunodeficiency virus | A virus in which the body attacks its own immune system |
| Humoral immune response | 2nd level of defense, non specific |
| Immunization | The use of live or deactivated cells to trigger immunity to certain antigens |
Created by:
meredithl2013
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