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AP Bio Biochem
Chapters 2, 3, 4, 5, and 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Anion | A negative ion |
| Atom | The smallest unit of matter that maintains the characteristics of its element |
| Atomic mass | Protons+neutrons |
| Atomic nucleus | The inner, dense part of the atom containing protons and neutrons |
| Atomic number | Number of protons, identifies the element |
| Cation | Positive ion |
| Chemical bond | A lasting connection between two elements or molecules |
| Chemical equilibrium | When the rate of forward reaction equals the rate of the backwards reaction |
| Chemical reaction | Combining one or more reactants to make one or more reactants |
| Compound | Two or more pure elements held together by chemical bonds |
| Covalent bond | A bond formed when electrons are shared between elements |
| Disassociate | Occurs when ionic compounds dissolve in water, the compound breaks into its separate ions |
| Electron | A negatively charged subatomic particle |
| Electronegativity | The pull an atom has for electons |
| Element | A pure substance that consists of one type of atom |
| Energy | The ability to cause change |
| Hydrogen bond | A strong IMF between Hydrogen and nitrogen, oxygen, or florine |
| Ion | A charged atom |
| Ionic bond | A bond formed by the transfer of electrons |
| Ionic compound | A compound formed by ionic bonds |
| Isotope | An atom with variances in the number of neutrons |
| Mass number | The number protons plus neutrons |
| Matter | Substance that has mass and volume |
| Molecular forumla | The chemical formula naming all of the elements in the compound and how many there are of each one |
| Molecule | A covalent compound |
| Neutron | A subatomic particle that has no charge |
| Nonpolar covalent bond | A bond in which the electrons are shared equally |
| Orbital | The various spaces that the electrons occupy in the electron clouds |
| Periodic table of the elements | A table showing the relationships and properties of the elements |
| Polar covalent bond | A bond in which the electrons are shared unevenly |
| Product | The stuff you end up with in a reaction |
| Proton | A subatomic particle with a positive charge |
| Reactant | The stuff you begin with to start a reaction |
| Salt | Formed from an acid/base reaction (Ionic) |
| Structural formula | The formula that shows how the elements are put together, rather than combining them |
| Trace element | A necessary element found in small quantities |
| Valence electron | Electrons in the valence shellt |
| Valence shell | The other level of electons |
| van der Waals interactions | The sum of the IMFs |
| Acid | pH of <7 |
| Acid precipitation | Precipitation that is more acidic than normal due to sulfric acid and nitric acid in the envirnoment |
| Adhesion | When a substance sticks to itself |
| Aqueous solution | A solution with the compound of interest dissolved in water |
| Base | pH of 7+ |
| Buffer | A substance that makes changes in pH happen slowly |
| Calorie | A measure of energy |
| Celsius scale | A temperature scale in which 0 degrees is water freezing, and 100 degrees is water boiling |
| Cohesion | Something sticking to itself |
| Evaporative cooling | Cooling by evaporating off the high energy particles |
| Heat | Energy in the form of molecules vibrating |
| Heat of vaporization | The heat needed to vaporize a liquid |
| Hydrogen ion | In essence a proton |
| Hydrophilic | Likes water |
| Hydrophobic | Doesn't like water |
| Hydroxide ion | -OH |
| Joule | A measure of energy or work |
| Kilocalories | 1000 calories (Typically used on food labels) |
| Molarity | Moles/Liter |
| Mole | A counting unit |
| Molecular mass | The mass of a single molecule |
| pH | A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a substance |
| Polar molecule | A molecule that has an unequal affinity for electrons |
| Solute | The stuff dissolved in a solution |
| Solution | The combination of a solute and solvent |
| Solvent | The stuff doing the dissolving in a solution |
| Specific heat | The amount of heat need to raise one gram of the substance by 1 degree C |
| Surface tension | The property of the surface being able to hold more weight than seems possible due to hydrogen bonds |
| Temperature | A measure of the movement within a substance |
| Amino group | -NH2 (Hydrophilic, acts as a base) |
| Carbonyl group | -CO (Hydrophilic) |
| Carboxyl group | -COOH (Hydrophilic, acts as an acid) |
| Functional group | A group of atoms that typically binds and has set properties |
| Geometric isomer | Same chemical formula but different rearrangement of the atoms geometrically |
| Hydrocarbon | A molecule consisting exclusively of hydrogen and carbon |
| Hydroxyl group | -OH (Hydrophilic) |
| Isomer | Same molecular formula, but different structural formulas |
| Organic chemistry | A substudy of chemistry dealing with organic molecules |
| Phosphate group | -PO4 (Hydrophilic) |
| Structural isomer | Isomers that are bonded together |
| Sulfhydryl group | -SH (Hydrophillic) |
| Alpha helix | One type of secondary structure that involves twisting like DNA |
| Amino acid | The polymer of a protein |
| Beta pleated sheet | One type of secondary structure that involves making the protein into a sheet |
| Carbohydrate | A type of macro molecule where carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are in a 1:2:1 ratio |
| Catalyst | Something added to a reaction that speeds it up in small quantities, but is not consumed by the reaction |
| Cellulose | Found in the cell wall of plants |
| Chitin | Found in the cell wall of fungi and the exoskeleton in bugs |
| Cholesterol | A fatty substance found in the cell membrane that decreases its fluidity |
| Condensation reaction | Two functional combine to form a single amino acid |
| Dehydration synthesis | The type of reaction that produces organic polymers from monomers |
| Denaturation | The changing of the shape of an enzyme that causes it to not work optimally |
| DNA | A double stranded nucleic acid that stores genetic information |
| Deoxyribose | The sugar found in DNA |
| Disaccharide | 2 sugars |
| Disulfide bridge | Part of the tertiary structure between two systine amino acids |
| Double helix | The shape of DNA |
| Enzyme | A biological cataylst |
| Fat | Lipid used for storage and warmth |
| Fatty acid | A lipid with an acidic tail |
| Gene | A coding set of DNA for a specific trait |
| Glycogen | A polymer of glucose, the way the human body stores glucose |
| Hydrolysis | The addition of water |
| Hydrophobic interaction | Interactions where the hydrophobic parts of a protein move away from the water |
| Lipid | A macro molecule defined by lots of carbon and hydrogen and just a few oxygen |
| Macromolecule | A large molecule with a specific purpose (Biological examples include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids) |
| Monomer | The single unit of a polymer |
| Monosaccharide | 1 sugar molecule |
| Nucleic acid | An organic molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorous |
| Nucleotide | The monomer of a nucleic acid |
| Peptide bond | The bond between amino acids |
| Phospholipid | A lipid with a phosphate attached, used to make the cell membrane |
| Polymer | A chain of more than one monomer |
| Polynucleotide | Many nucleotides |
| Polypeptide | More than one amino acid stuck together, not formed into a protein yet |
| Polysaccharide | Many sugar moleclues |
| Primary structure | The physical order of the amino acids |
| Protein | A macro molecule defined by the presence of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen |
| Quaternary structure | A combination of more than 1 tertiary structure |
| RNA | A single strained nucleic acid with ribose sugar |
| Ribose | The sugar in RNA |
| Saturated fatty acid | A fatty acid that can interlink due to a lack of double bonds and forms solids |
| Secondary structure | Formed by the interactions between the Amino group and the carboxyl group (A helix, and B pleated sheet) |
| Starch | The polymer of cardohydrate |
| Steroid | A type of lipid that can be used as a hormone |
| Tertiary structure | Formed by the interactions in the R groups |
| Unsaturated fatty acid | Kinky lipids that cannot form solids due to double bonds |
| Activation energy | The amount of energy required for a reaction to occur |
| Active site | Where the substrate binds |
| Allosteric site | A site away from the active site where the allosteric regulator can bind |
| Allosteric regulation | Regulation that occurs when a molecule binds to the allosteric site, changing the shape of the active site |
| Anabolic pathway | A pathway that builds up |
| ATP | An energy molecule, adenine triphospate |
| Catabolic pathway | A pathway that breaks down molecules |
| Catalyst | Something that speeds up the reaction, is used in small quantities, and can be reused again and again |
| Coenzyme | A non protein substance that is added to an enzyme that is necessary for its function |
| Cofactor | A non protein substance that is added to a protein that is necessary for its function |
| Competitive inhibition | Inhibition that occurs when the regulator binds to the active site |
| Endergonic reaction | A reaction that gains energy |
| Energy coupling | Use of energy generated from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction |
| Entropy | The amount of thermal energy not available for useful work |
| Enzyme-substrate complex | The binded enzyme and reactant |
| Exergonic reaction | A reaction that looses energy |
| Activation energy | The energy needed for a reaction to occur |
| Feedback inhibition | Where the end result of a pathway inhibits the pathway from occuring |
| 1st Law of thermodynamics | Conservation of energy for thermodynamic situations |
| 2nd law of thermodynamics | Entropy of an isolated system never decreases |
| Free energy | The energy that can be converted into work |
| Hydrolysis reaction | Using water to break apart polymer |
| Induced fit | A change in the shape of the active site that results in a tighter bond between the substrate and enzyme |
| Kinetic energy | Energy from motion |
| Metabolic pathway | All of the chemical pathways within a cell |
| Metabolism | Rate rate at which reactions occur with in an organism |
| Noncompetitive inhibitor | A inhibitor that binds to a separate site thus changing the shape of the enzyme, so that it doesn't work anymore |
| Phosphorylated | The addition of a phosphate to increase energy |
| Potential energy | Energy that results from something's place or position |
| Redox reaction | A reaction involving the transfer of electrons, also called oxidation-reduction reaction |
| Substrate | The "reactants" |
| Spontaneous reaction | A reaction that occurs readily |
| Thermal energy | Energy in the form of heat |
| Methyl group | -CH3 (Hydrophobic) |
Created by:
meredithl2013
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