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AP Bio Evolution
Chapters 22, 23, 24, and 25
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Artifical selection | Selection that occurs by humans breeding two individuals for desired characterisitcs |
| Biogeography | The principle that predicts the biodiversity of islands based on their size and location relative to the mainland |
| Catastrophism | Theory that Earth has been dramatically influenced by catastrophic events |
| Convergent Evolution | When species become more alike because they are in similar environment |
| Analogous strucutres | Structures that are the same function, but completely different structures |
| Descent with modification | Darwin's original idea with adaptation |
| Fossil | The remains of dead organisms that have been perseved |
| Gradualism | Speciation occurs very gradually in stages |
| Homologous structures | Structures that might look outwardly different, but are structurally the same with different functions |
| Inheritance of acquired traits | Lamark's idea that traits that can be passed on even without genetics |
| Natural selection | The process by which those that have good genes survive more often than those without said genes when exposed to a selection pressure |
| Paleontology | The study of fossils |
| Sedimentary rock | A type of rock formed by the compacting of sediment |
| Taxonomy | The study of defining groups of organisms |
| Uniformitarianism | The assumption that the physical laws that govern life now have always governed life |
| Vestigial structures | Structures that currently to do not serve a purpose, but probably did at one point for the ancestors |
| Average heterozygosity | Percent of a population that is heterozygous for a specific trait |
| Balancing selection | The heterozygous phenotype/geneotype is favored |
| Bottleneck effect | A natural disaster disrupts the gene pool of a species |
| Directional selection | The homozygous dominant OR homozgous recessive phenotype is favored |
| Disruptive selection | The homozygous dominant AND homozygous recessive phenotype is favored |
| Fitness | The ability of an organism to reproduce and produce viable offspring |
| Founder effect | A mechanism of evolution where a part of a population moves off and the genes found in the part make up the new population |
| Gene flow | Transfer of alleles into or out from a population decreasing the number of populations |
| Gene pool | The collection of genes in a population |
| Genetic drift | Changes in the gene pool based on certain events (Founder effect and Bottleneck effect) |
| Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium | Occurs when there is no mutations, natural selection, or gene flow and where there is random mating and a large population |
| Hardy-Weinberg theorem | Frequencies of alleles and genotypes remain constant if no evolution is occuring |
| Heterozygote advantage | Condition where heterozygotes survive better than homozygous |
| Mircroevolution | Evolution on the population level |
| Mutation | A change in DNA |
| Neutral variation | Variation that doesn't affect the fitness of an organism |
| Pseudogene | Dysfunctional relatives of genes that do not code for protein |
| Relative fitness | The fitness of an organism when compared to other organisms |
| Biological species concept | A species is defined as individuals that can breed together and produce viable offspring |
| Heterochrony | Changes in the rate or time in which events occur |
| Homeotic gene | Genes that determine what parts of the body form where |
| Macroevolution | Evolution of species |
| Polyploidy | Having more than 1 set of chromosomes (Diploid for example) |
| Postzygotic barrier | A barrier to reproduction that happens after mating |
| Prezygotic barrier | A barrier to reproduction that happens before mating |
| Punctuated equilibrium | The theory that most species will not experience much evolution for most of their geological time |
| Reproductive isolation | Isolation of a species based on reproductive barriets |
| Speciation | The process by which species are formed |
| Sympatric speciation | Species still live in same area, but have different selection pressures |
| Geographic variation | Variation in a species due to their locations |
| Intersexual selection | Selection between sexes of a species |
| Intrasexual selection | Selection within the sex of a species (Males fighting for example) |
| Analogy | Having the same relationship between two pairs of ideas |
| Binomial | 2 names |
| Clade | A group consisting of an ancestor and all of its descendents |
| Cladistics | A method of classification based on whether or not an organism has certain charcteristics |
| Cladogram | A diagram showing the relatedness between organisms |
| Class | The 3rd level of classification |
| Domain | The very tippy top of the classification (new) |
| Family | The 3rd to last group of classification |
| Fossil record | The fossils found in an area |
| Genus | The next to last group of classification |
| Ingroup | The group that includes all of the characteristics on a cladogram |
| Kingdom | The top group of classification |
| Monophyletic | A set of organisms that share a common ancestor |
| Neutral theory | Majority of evolution occurs at the molecular level |
| Order | The 4th group of classification |
| Orthologous gene | Genes in different species that originated from vertical changes in the species |
| Outgroup | The group on a cladogram that doesn't share any other characteristics except one with all the others |
| Paralogous genes | Genes that have similar functions but are located in different places within the chromosomal structure |
| Parahyletic | Most of the organisms come from the same ancestor, except for a few (Ex. reptiles) |
| Phylogenetic tree | A collection of cladograms that shows the evolutionary relationships between species |
| Phylogeny | The study of the evolutionary relationships between species |
| Phylogram | A phylgenetic tree that has branch lengths proportional to the amount of time that has passed |
| Phylum | The 2nd level of classifition |
| Polyphyletic | Characterized by more than one ancestral group |
| Specific epithet | Specific nomenclature of a species |
| Systematics | Study of division in living things |
| Taxon | A unit of individuals |
| Taxonomy | The study of dividing animal into taxons |
| Ultrametric tree | A tree with equal root to top paths for all lineages |
Created by:
meredithl2013
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