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Plants 3
Plant Sustainability and Drug uses
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Why are plant based materials more sustainable than oil bases: | Regrown each year, cheaper to process and harvest, biodegradable, require less energy to process so lessen the environmental impact. |
| What types of things can be made from Plant Fibers: | Material (clothing etc) fibers and Ropes etc. |
| What types of materials can be made from Starch in plants: | Biofuels (bioethanol) and Bioplastics. |
| Why are drugs tested before they are marketed to be sold: | They must be tested for side effects, effectiveness and safety. |
| Who discovered Digitalis: | William Withering. |
| How did William Withering Discover digitalis: | Foxgloves contain digitalis but are also poisonous, after a chance observation he mixed different concentrations of Digitalis in a remedy (DIGITALIS SOUP), recorded the effects (low conc no effect, high conc = death). TRIAL AND ERROR. |
| What is Digitalis soup? | William Witherings different concentrations of Digitalis in a remedy for Dropsy was known as Digitalis soup. It was given to those who were ill, low conc of Digitalis lead to no effect and high caused death. |
| How did William Withering discover the most effective dosage of Digitalis to put into his Digitalis Soup? | Through trail and error he discovered that too little wouldn't be effective and too much killed the patient. |
| Why did William Withering use Digitalis in his soup? | After a chance observation that a person suffering from Dropsy got better after using a remedy with Foxgloves in it (which contain Digitalis). |
| Drug Testing Protocols: | The protocols followed for testing a new drug to test its effectiveness, negative side effects and relative ability to be used on Humans. |
| Non-clinical trials: | The testing of a drug in the lab without using Human subjects. Usually involves using Computer Simulations, Animal testing and Human tissue testing. |
| What is Phase 1 on a Clinical Trial: | Phase one involves testing a drug on a small group of Healthy individuals to test for any side effects, how the body reacts to the drug and to calculate the true correct dosage. |
| What is the importance of a Clinical Trial: | To test the safety and effectiveness of a drug on humans. |
| What is Phase 2 of a clinical Trial: | A drug is tested on a medium number of individuals who are affected by the aliment the drug is designed for to test the effectiveness and appropriateness of the drug. Phase two introduces Placebo and Double Blind trials. |
| What is Phase 3 of a Clinical Trial: | Phase 3 involves testing a drug on a large (5000+) group of patients and comparing it with the effectiveness of a current treatment. This stage has Double Blind Trials to improve the reliability of data collected. |
| What methods are used in Phase 2 of a clinical Trial to improve validity of results: | Placebo usage and Double Blind Trials. |
| What methods are used in Phase 3 of a clinical trial to improve validity of results: | Double Blind trials. |
| What is a Placebo: | Drug given to a patient with no active ingredients (such as a sugar pill), given to a group of patients as a control in clinical trials to test if the Drug or the Idea of the drug is working. |
| What is a Double Blind Trial: | A trail in which neither the doctor nor the patient know if the patient is receiving the New Drug, a Control treatment or a Placebo. |
| What is a Control Treatment: | A drug which is already in use for the treatment of a certain aliment. Used in clinical trials to test if the new drug is more effective. |
| What is the placebo effect: | When a patient improves in health when given a placebo (an inactive substance that looks identical to the active drug), which they believe to be the active drug. This happens because they Believe the drug will work. |
| What is the importance of Double Blind Trials: | To remove BIAS. By removing any chance of Doctors giving away which treatment a patient is on, by removing any 'false improvement' a doctor might see because they think a patient is improving because they are on the drug. |
| What experiment could be done to test the Antimicrobial properties of plants? | Placing extracts of the plants on an Agar plates with Bacteria, allowing to grow and identifying size of Inhibition Zones caused by plant extracts. |
| Name 5 things a Drug should be: | Effective, Safe, Easily Stored, Easily taken, Mass producible. |
Created by:
mjwilson1988
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