Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Maria_Micro_chp4
chp4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| bacterial cell wall structure is the basis for distinguishing what? | Gram-positive Gram-negative |
| bacteria that are thin, long and coiled | spirochetes |
| spirochetes flagella | they have unique flagella for motility periplasmic flagella (or internal flagella, endoflagella, axial filaments) |
| axial filaments cause cell to | causes the cell to move by rotating |
| transporters are_________ on cell membrane | selective permeable |
| Why is pili produced? | -usually produced when the density of microbes is high is response of sensing |
| cork screw motion of motility swim in a vicous environment | Treponema |
| -smaller than flagella, fine, proteinaceous, hairlike-bristles from cell surface -important for attachment to surface and adhesion during pathogenesis bind to throat, bladder, etc. to surface establishes first step of attachement | Fimbriae |
| What can resist phagocytosis and be presented from being engulfed by white blood cells? | -encapsulated bacteria |
| cell membrane functions | 1. energy generation -procaryotic cell membrane is the site for electron transport chain during aerobic respiration 2. cell integrity 3. transport |
| What forms energy production on the cell membrane? | electron transport chain |
| All bacteria have a _____________ | double membrane |
| peptidogylcan | peptide (protein) and glycan (sugar) -a complex molecule composed of glycan chains crossed linked by peptide chains |
| What does a peptidoglycan layer look like and why? | chain linked fence because it has wholes and does not block molecule provides mechanical support cell -strengthen each other with chain and another chain link |
| In gram stain, cells either stain _________ (____) or ________ (_____) | purple-gram positive pink-gram negative |
| gram positive bacteria | a thick cell wall composed primarily of peptidoglycan |
| gram negative bacteria | have a thin peptidoglycan layer, but have an outer cell membrane |
| What are two important components of the cell wall? | lysozyme and penicillin |
| -an antibacterial protein secreted by many organisims -it hydrolyzes the glycan chain -like bacteria cells -cuts glycan chain | lysozyme |
| -antibiotic -inhibits the formation of peptide crosslink in dividing cells -causes cell to targets and different part of glycan either way when treated with 2 agents will be killed | penicillin |
| procaryotes external structure | flagella, pili, fimbriae |
| return to vegetative growth from spore form; triggered by nutrients | germination |
| -a process that results in the formation of endospores -can be caused by nutrient depletion | sporulation |
| cell envelope | -glycocalyx (capsule, slime), cell wall, cell membrane |
| procaryotes internal structure | chromosome (nucleiod) ribosome, inclusion bodies |
| What does a cell do? | 1. Growth and Development 2. Reproductive and heredity 3. Metabolism 4. Movement and/or irritability 5. Cell support 6. transport of nutrients |
| Reproduction and heredity | genetic materials, reproduce offspring sexually or asexually |
| metabolism | -chemical and physical life processes |
| movement and or irritability | -respond to internal/external stimuli |
| cell support, protection and storage mechanisms | -cell walls -vacuoles -granules -inclusions -transport of nutrients and waste |
| Flagellum/Flagella | 1.filament 2.hook 3.basal body -rotates 360° in response to signals -1-2 or many distributed over entire cell -functions in motility |
| curved sheath | hook of flagella |
| stack of rings firmly anchored in cell wall and membrane | basal body of flagella |
| long thin helical structure composed of proteins | filament of flagella |
| small bunches ariving from one end of cell | lophotrichous |
| single flagellum at one end | monotrichous |
| flagella at both ends of cell | amphitrichous |
| flagella dispersed over surface of cell | peritrichous |
| Which is most motile flagella arrangement? | peritrichous |
| ________function to guide bacteria in a direction in response to external stimuli | flagella |
| bacteria movement in response to chemical signals | chemotaxis |
| movement toward or away from light | phototaxis |
| flagella location and reason | -between 2 membranes so when it turns can cause bacteria cell to move distinctly from flagella outside of cell |
| spirochetes flagella location | -between the inner and outer membrane |
| [spirochetes flagella] function in motility | -twisting and corkscrew |
| syphilis | -spiral bacteria -sexually transmites -initiates intake of bacteria |
| pili | -rigid tubular structure made of pili protein subunits -Function: 1.joins two bacterial cells, enable DNA transfer, from one cell to another ("conjuction") 2. adhesion |
| glycocalyx | -coating of molecules external to the cell wall, made of sugars (main compartment) and or proteins |
| capsule | one type of glycocalyx highly organized, tightly attached |
| slime layer | -loosely organized and attached -one type of glycocalyx -allows bacteria to attach -bad causes tissue/heart damage |
| capsule function | -encapsulated cells exhibit smooth morpholgy (smooth vs. rough) Function: protects bacteria from being destroyed by host phagocytes (white blood cells) -capsule is associated with pathogenic bacteria |
| slime layer function | enable attachment and aggregation of bacterial cells on solid surface -involved in biofilm formation |
| Cell Membrane | -bacterial cytoplasmic membrane composed of phospholipids bilayer embedded proteins |
| eukaryotic energy is produced where? | -on mitochondria |
| cell wall | 1. located directly outside the cell membrane because membrane can burst 2. bacterial cell wall contains the macromolecule peptidoglycan 3. function: mechanical support of the cells |
| cell wall function | mechanical support of cells: maintain shape, keep bacteria from bursting due to changes in osmotic pressure |
| peptide crosslink is between two M sugars | G: NAG M: NAM |
| not found in protein but in cell wall | D-glutamate |
| What is the result of lysozyme or penicillin treatment? | cell burst lysozyme cuts between sugars penicillins prevent crosslinks from forming |
| endospore formation and types | -formed with in the cell -produced by some G+ genera: Clostridium, Bacillus and Sporosacrcina |
| What type of cells are endospores? How are they developed? | -they are resting, dormant cells -developed from vegetative cells when conditions become nonfavorable |
| Why is it said that endospores are the "hardiest of all life forms"? | 1. withstand extremes in heat, drying, freezing, radiation and chemicals 2. longevity verges on immortality (25-250 million years) 3. resistant to ordinary cleaning methods and boiling 4. Sterilization methods usually kill spores |
| What specifically will kill endospores? | -pressurized steam at 120°C for 20 to 30 minutes will destroy this |
| endospores contain high levels of ______ and ____________ | -calcium -dipicolinic acid (mutent of cell no longer produce this chemical) important for heat resistance |
| the core of endospores are ___________ | dehydrated important for heat resistanceEn |
| Endospores have a thick ____________ | thick protein coat important for chemical resistance |
| Endospores are ___________ inactive >important for _____________ | -metabolically -radiation resistance |
| Spore-forming bacteria have a _______ life cycle: 1._______ and 2.________ | 2 phase life cycle 1. vegeatative cell 2. endospore form |
| vegetative form | -actively growing -metabolizing, or -producing toxins in some pathogenic species (such as B. anthracis, C. tetanus) -found in food tissues |
| What is vegatative form sensitive to? | chemicals, heat, drying and antibiotics |
| spore-form | resistant form often found in soil or air |
| endospore causes disease the vegetative part causes what? | -tissue damage |
| -contains crystals of magnets -highly organized species granules -makes them into magnetic field to find optimum oxygen environment | magnetisome |
| it grows when stressed out about oxygen -whether granuole formation it is more resisten to other factors -found in GI tract | Bifidobacterium |
| usually energy reserve and enviromental resistant as well (I think?) -volutions, poly P in Corymobacterium | metachromatic granules |
| -function in cell wall maintenance and enlargement during cell division; move cations across the cell envelope; stimulate a specific immune(or host) response | teichoic acid lipoteichoic acid |
| composed of an outer membrane and a thin-layer of peptidoglycan -has a periplasmic space | Gram negative cell wall |
| -enable a cell to store nutrients, and to survive nutrient depleted and other stress conditions | What are granules other name and what is their function -inculusion bodies |
| Gram positive cell wall | -thick peptidoglycan (PG) layer -acidic polysaccharides teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid |
| lipid moleules inner/outer leaflet | inner leaflet: phospholipid; outer leaflet: lipopolysaccharide (LPJ) |
| let certain molecules (<600 dalton) enter and leave cell, to compensate for the OM barrier effect | Has porins |
| makes G-bacteria more impermeable to disinfectants dyes and certain drugs than G+ | OM(outer membrane) makes what? |
| -can be released during cell lysis -is often proinflammatory and cause damages to the infected host -therefore LPS is also called enodtoxin (as opposed to exotoxin) | lipopolysaccharide (LPS) |
| lipopolysaccharide (LPS) explain | part hidden in lipid but when will it be exposed driving blood infections which can cause endotoxic shock |
| Gram stain steps | 1.make smear and apply crystal violet (primary dye) 2. add Gram's iodine (mordant)-functions as intensified binding 3. alcohol-can't be removed because of tight bond from mordant (decolorizes) 4. add safranin (red dye counterstain) pink |
| Quick summary of gram stain steps | 1. primary stain (crystal violet) 2. mordant (iodine) 3. decolarization (alcohol) 4. counterstain (safranin) G+:purple G-:pink |
| function of ribosomes | -site of protein synthesis |
| List 3 types of bacteria with unique cell wall structure and properties | 1. Acid-fast bacteria 2. L-forms 3. Mycoplasmas |
| myobacterium apperance | -waxy because in cell wall also have a waxy layer |
| mycolic acid (1) | -unique lipids (<-? look up) -the cells stain gram positive, but sometimes give beaded appearance -in acid-fast stain, the waxy cell wall enables the cell to retain the carbolfuchsin dye even after stained by acid alcohol |
| mycolic acid (2) | -cell wall lipids contribute to high degree of resistance to many dyes, disinfectants, and drugs |
| chromosome | -usually a single DNA molecule tightly coiled and aggregated in a dense area called nucleoid -DNAs in bacteria and archaea are usually circular dobule stranded DNA -chromosomal DNA contains all essential genetic information for the cell |
| bacteria that have lost the cell walls due to drug treatment (and surviving!) | L-forms |
| _____can cause some bacteria to develop alternative mechanisms for support. Those ____ are called_______. | -mutations -mutants -L-forms |
| -bacteria naturally lack a peptidoglycan cell wall -live closely with host cells -during evolution they have lost a lot of capabilities, including PG synthesis -cell membrane contain sterols, for stability | mycoplasma |
| -don't have cell wall have very irregular shapes -take cholesteroal from our cells and strengthen them -to survive in cell called mycoplasma | mycoplasm (again notes) |
| Know difference between mycobacterium and mycoplasma | mycoplasm-no cell wall cell bacteria from with out all cell wall transport sexually transmitted disease mycobacterium-acid-fast |
| gelatinous solution containing water, nutrients, proteins and genetic material -(soup-inside of cells) -insdie cell ribosomes unique gradually genetic material | cytoplasm |
| DNA (full name and what it includes) What are the genetic material? | -deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) -chromosome and plasmidss: the genetic materials |
| surrounds the thylakoids | stroma |
| how many ribosomes are in eucaryotic organisms | 80S ribosomes |
| eucaryotics are composed of what | ribosome protein and rRNA |
| eucaryotics are assembled from the ______ and ______ subunits | 40S and 60S |
| how different is eucaryotes from procaryotes | different from 70S ribosomes of procaryotes |
| eucaryotes present where? | cytoplasm and RER |
| granules can be | organic or inorganic |
| hydroxyl buturate | -for colony hydroxyl something -when access nutrient available can be used when nutrient is needed |
| glycogen | -polymers of glucose organisms usually makes them into polymers |
| inclusion bodies | -granules -often contain polymers, examples: 1.glycogen 2.polyhydroxlbutyrate (PHB) 3.gas vesicles 4.polyphosphate granules (also called poly P, metachromatic granules or volutin granules) |
| Ribosome apperance | 2 subunits -large subunit (50S) -small subunit (30S) together make (70S) and form tight molded shape that is strong |
| ribosomes | -super structures containg 3-4 long molecules -ribosomal RNA (rRNA): 60% -ribosomal proteins: 40% |
| plasmids application | used in genetic engineering rendily manipulated and transferred from cell to cell |
| plasmids replication | duplicated and passed on to offspring during cell division, independent of chromosome replication |
| genetic structures | DNA, RNA |
| mycobacterium | genus have several pathogens including ones causing TB and leprosy acid-fast bacteria |
| Gram stain beaded skin dyes | can't penetrate very well |
| Acid fast stain name two | 1. M. tuberculosis 2. M. leprae M.=Mycobacterium |
| acid-fast stain is a diagnostic tool for what? | 1. tuberculosis (mycobacterium tuberculosis) 2. leprosy (M. leprae) |
| What does Gram stain tell us? | -shape of cell -whether gram is positive or negative |
| -Important basis of bacterial classification and identification -practical aid in diagnosing infection and guiding drag treatment | Gram stain importance and practicalness |
| Gram-negative | -lose crystal violet and stain red form safranin counterstain |
| Gram-positive | -retain the crystal violet dye and stain purple |
| The thickness of what is important from a gram stain | PG (peptidoglycan) 1. Gram-positive 2. Gram-negative |
| Gram stain | -differential stain that distinguishes cell with a Gram-positive cell wall from those with a Gram-negative cell wall |
| outer membrane (OM) in gram negative bacteria | more info to come |
| lipopolysacchrid | 3 components: -list here: |
| try to understand the process of lactose | -not fermented by all organisms the lack of enzyme is reponsible inability to ferment lactose organisms in a way |
| size of Ribosomes | 70S consists of 2 subunits large (50S) and small (30S) -procaryotic ribosomes are different from eucaryotic ribosomes in size and number of proteins (70S vs. 80S) |
| What cells have ribosomes? | all |
| plasmids genetic information encoded by plasmids | -not essential to bacterial growth and metabolism -may encode antibiotic resistance tolerance to toxic metals enzymes and toxins that allow the cells to survive better important for the spread of drug resistance |
| -smaller, circular double-stranded DNA -free or integrated info the chromosome -copyy number can vary from 1-500 | plasmids |
| What do procaryotic cells have instead of a nucleus | chromosomes |
| RNA | Ribonucleic acid Ribosome RNA (rRNA) Messenger RNA (mRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA) Ribosomes: protein synthesis |
Created by:
mjoyriegsecker
Popular Science sets