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Humaz
HBiology(Digestion)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Characteristics of Monosaccarides | Smallest unit,(glucose,fructose,galactose) |
| Maltose(Disaccaride) | Glucose and Glucose, beer |
| Sucrose(Disaccaride) | Glucose and Fructose, table sugar/honey |
| Lactose(Disaccaride) | Gluctose and galactose, milk |
| Polysaccarides | 3 or more, long chain, complex |
| Glycogen(polysaccaride) | how animals store carbs in muscle tissue |
| Starch(polysaccaride) | how plants store carbs |
| Cellulose(polysaccaride) | undigestable part of plant fiber |
| Characteristics of lipids | carbon/oxygen/hydrogen, energy source, insaluable in water, primary trigliceride |
| Fatty acids | saturated(butter at room temp), unsaturated(liquid at room temp), or trans fat |
| Trans fats | occur naturally or from partially hydrogenated plant oils and animal fats |
| Trigliceride | neutral fat composed of glycerol and three fatty acids |
| Protein | carbon/oxygen/nitrogen/hydrogen, enzyme producing, cell repair, replace cells, hormones used as fuel when carbs or fats not availiable |
| Digestion(A) | food is broken down both chemically and physically |
| Absorption(B) | when broken down food molecules pass from GI tract into blood |
| Elimination(C) | undigested food is removed from GI tract |
| Mouth | mechanical digestion, teeth cut and grind |
| Chewing | increase surface are for chemical digestion |
| Salivary Glands | secrete saliva which moistens food and contains enzymes to chemically break apart carbs |
| Salivary Amalyse | chemical digestion breaks down starch or polysaccarides into smaller pieces, eventually maltose |
| Bolus | moistened chewed up food that's swallowed |
| Swallowing | when bolus moves to back of mouth, it sends signal to close off nasal passages and epiglottis |
| Epiglottis | door that covers trachea and opens esophagus |
| Esophagus | tube that connects mouth to stomach |
| Perstalsis | wave of squeezing and pushing contraction that moves food in one direction through the GI tract from esophagus to anus |
| Gastroesophageal Sphincter | door that separates stomach from esophagus, allows food into stomach, protects esophagus from gastric juices but in relaxed state results in heartburn |
| Stomach | Organ where food is digested, churned and stored up to 2hrs until emptied into small intestine |
| Gastric juices | HCL(helps soften food and kills bacteria), Pepsin(breaks peptide bonds and protein digestion begins) |
| Mucus lining | Secreted by the stomach, protects stomach from HCL and Pepsin |
| Ulcers | mucus lining compromised by either bacteria H. Pylori or NSAID(tylenol, aspirin) |
| Chyme | Food, gastric juices, water churned to mix > increase surface area |
| Pyloric Sphincter | relaxes and releases chyme into the small intestine |
| Small Intestine | Where digestion and absorption occur, takes 3-6 hrs for food to pass and be absorbed |
| Circular Folds(lining in SI) | increase surface area |
| Villi(lining in SI) | finger like projections, constantly moving to trap nutrients |
| Microvilli(lining in SI) | hairlike projections, house and secrete enzymes |
| Brush Boarder Enzyme | secreted by microvilli |
| Disaccaridases(BBE) | breaks down maltose(maltase), Sucrose(sucrase), Lactose(lactase) |
| Aminopeptidases(BBE) | breaks N-side of amino acid |
| Large Intestine | receives liquid residue after digestion and absorption are complete in SI, stored for 12-24hrs |
| Diahhrea | less than 12 hrs, dehydration |
| Constipation | greater than 24 hrs |
| Accessory Organs | Not part of GI tract(food does not pass through) but is necessary for digestion |
| Gallbladder | Stores bile, release bile into small intestine, breaks down fat further |
| Pancreas | makes,holds and secretes digestive enzymes, produces and secretes insulin and glucogen |
| Bicarbonate Ion(Pancreatic Juice) | neutralizes acidic chyme as it enters SI |
| Pancreatic Amalyse(Pancreatic Juice) | finishes breaking polysaccarides into disaccarides |
| Lipases(Pancreatic Juice) | break down lipids into fatty acids and monoglycerides |
| Trypsin(Pancreatic Juice) | Further breaks down |
| Liver | Makes bile, nutrients absorbed from SI travel through portal vein to the liver, acts as filter for toxins, creates urea, monosaccarides converted to glucose |
| Lipoprotein(LDL) | bad/high cholesterol, low density/protein |
| LDL | Delivers cholesterol to the cells |
| Fact of LDL | More cholesterol in the blood, the more cells get attached to artery, hardening and causing plaque due to saturated and trans fats |
| Lipoprotein(HDL) | high density, circulates in blood and delivers cholesterol to liver(clean up arteries) |
| Fact of HDL | more excersize, omega 3 fatty acid consumption |
| Lipoproteins(VLDL) | very low density, mostly triglyceride, stored in adapose tissue, increase with high diet of simple sugars |
| Total Cholesterol | <200mg/DL |
| HDL cholesterol | >40mg/DL |
| LDL cholesterol | <100mg/DL |
| Atherosclerosis | Hardening and narrowing of arteries due to buildup of plaque, leads to heart disease |
| Risk factors of atherosclerosis | obesity, family history, age and gender, physically inactive, diabetes, smoking |
| Type I Diabetes | abt 14 yrs old, extreme hunger, unusual weight loss, extreme thirst...cannot make insulin |
| Type II Diabetes | Overweight or obese, same symptoms as type I |
| Treatments for diabetes | pills, diet, excersize, insulin |
Created by:
spanish09
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