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Fall 2016 EXAM: AP
Anatomy & Physiology Fall 2016 FINAL EXAM Review: 1/Atlas, 3, 5, 6, 7 and 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The word root "homeo"... | Same |
| The word root "hetero"... | Different |
| An informed, uncertain, but testable idea... | Hypothesis |
| Structure that can be observed with the naked eye... | Gross anatomy |
| Study of cells... | Cytology |
| Study of tissues... | Histology |
| Simplest structures considered to be alive are... | Cells |
| The urethra is found in the __ region of the abdomen... | Hypogastric |
| Organ system concerning the skin... | Integumentary |
| Self-amplifying chain of physiological events... | Positive feedback system |
| Feet flat on the floor and together, forearms supinated, arms down at the sides... | Anatomical position |
| Studying the anatomy of an object/organism by touch... | Palpation |
| The heart is ___ to the lungs... | Medial |
| The sum of all chemical reactions taking place within the body at one time... | Metabolism |
| The greater omentum is ___ to the small intestine... | Superficial |
| The esophagus is ___ to the trachea... | Posterior |
| Organ system that regulates blood volume, controls acid-base balance and stimulates red blood cell production... | Urinary system |
| Words composed of the first letter or few letters of a series of words... | Acronyms |
| Study of structure... | Anatomy |
| Study of function... | Physiology |
| Methods of viewing the inside of the body without surgery have replaced the ___ of the past, which was often very risky and resulted in death due to infection(s)... | Exploratory surgery |
| Much of what we know about body function today has been gained through ___... | Comparative physiology |
| Single, complete individual and the largest level in the hierarchy of complexity... | Organism |
| Masses of similar cells and cell products that form a discrete region of an organ and perform a specific function... | Tissues |
| Theory which refers to the fact that the whole organism cannot be fully explained by the actions of it's parts... | Holism |
| Theory which explains that a large, complex system such as the human body can be better understood by studying it's simpler components... | Reductionism |
| Changes in DNA structure/sequence... | Mutations |
| Cutting and separating tissue to reveal structural relationships... | Dissection |
| Invented many components of the compound microscope and named the tiny "compartments" he observed "cells"... | Robert Hooke |
| Composed of lipids and proteins; surrounds the cellular components... | Plasma membrane |
| Major features of human anatomy have been given standard international names prescribed by the ___.... | Terminologia anatomica |
| Physiological effects of a person's mental state are called ___ effects... | Psychosomatic |
| Fine detail, down to the molecular level... | Ultrastructure |
| Rejected all eponyms and gave each structure unique Latin name(s) used world-wide... | Nomina anatomica |
| Tendency of the body to maintain stable internal conditions... | Homeostasis |
| Transformation of cells with no specialized function into cells that are committed to a specific task... | Differentiation |
| Self-correcting mechanisms in physiology are called ___ loops | Negative feedback |
| Terms coined from the names of people... | Eponyms |
| Most cellular membranes are made by the... | Endoplasmic reticulum |
| Membrane carriers resemble enzymes except for the fact that ___ do not chemically change their ligands... | Carriers |
| Aquaporins are transmembrane proteins that promote... | Osmosis |
| Microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules are all part of the... | Cytoskeleton |
| Human cells will swell or shrink in any solution other than a(n) ___ one.... | Isotonic |
| ___ endocytosis is more selective form of either phagocytosis or pinocytosis... | Receptor-mediated |
| Process by which a physical pressure forces fluid through a selectively permeable membrane.... | Filtration |
| Gates in the plasma membrane open or close in response to changes in the electrical charge difference across the membrane... | Voltage-gated channels |
| Process by which a mechanical pressure applied to one side of the system can override osmotic pressure... | Reverse osmosis |
| A concentrated solution that causes a cell to shrink is ___ to the cell... | Hypertonic |
| A diluted solution that cases a cell to swell is ___ to the cell... | Hypotonic |
| Difference in concentration between one point and another... | Concentration gradient |
| Gates in the plasma membrane that open or close when a chemical binds to them... | Liganed-gated channels |
| Fusion of a secretory vesicle with the plasma membrane, and release of it's contents, is called.... | Exocytosis |
| Both ___ and peroxisomes allow liver cells to detoxify alcohol and other such substances... | Smooth ER |
| Perforate nuclear envelope and allow limited molecular traffic through the membrane... | Nuclear pores |
| Network of protein filaments and cylinders that structurally support a cell, etc. | Cytoskeleton |
| Composed of carbohydrate moieties of membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins... | Glycocalyx |
| Ability of a microscope to reveal detail... | Resolution |
| Force exerted on a membrane by water... | Hydrostatic pressure |
| Side of membrane facing the cytoplasm... | Intracellular face |
| Side of the cellular membrane facing the tissue fluid... | Extracellular face |
| Hydrostatic pressure required on one side to halt the process of osmosis... | Osmotic pressure |
| Space enclosed by the unit membrane of the Golgi complex and endoplasmic reticulum... | Cisternae |
| Both the nucleus and the ___ are surrounded by a double unit membrane... | Mitochondria |
| When a hormone cannot enter a cell, it activates the formation of a(n) ___ inside the cell... | Second messenger |
| Clear, structure-less gel in a cell... | Cytosol |
| The sodium-potassium pump is a(n)... | Transmembrane protein |
| Cells specialized for absorption of matter from the ECF are likely to show an abundance of... | Microvilli |
| The function of cAMP in a cell is to... | Activate kinases |
| Type of transport that can occur only in a living cell... | Active transport |
| The cotransport of glucose derives it's energy from the ___ concentration gradient of the cell... | Sodium |
| PRocess of imbibing ECF in which the plasma membrane sinks in and pinches off small vesicles containing droplets of fluid... | Pinocytosis |
| Fine thread like material composed of DNA and protein found within the nucleus... | Chromatin |
| Inner membrane of the mitochondria has folds called ___ which project like shelves into the matrix... | Cristae |
| The process by which lysosomes digest and dispose of surplus or non-vital organelles and other cell components in order to cycle nutrients within the cell... | Autophagy |
| A carrier that performs cotransport... | Symport |
| ATP is required in order for this type of transport to occur... | Active transport |
| Hairlike projections along the cell surface which play a sensory role and function in locomotion... | Cilia |
| Direct transport of solute particles by an ATP-using membrane pump... | Primary active transport |
| Movement of material without the aid of ATP... | Passive transport |
| Long, single whip-like projection used primarily in movement... | Flagella |
| Net flow of water through a membrane from high to low concentration... | Osmosis |
| Process of eliminating material from a cell by means of a vesicle fusing with plasma membrane and releasing it's contents... | Exocytosis |
| Transport of solute particles by a carrier that does not in itself use ATP but depends on concentration gradients produced by primary active transport... | Secondary active transport |
| Transport of two or more different solutes in opposite directions... | Countertransport |
| Unpaired centrioles at the base of a cilium or flagellum... | Basal body |
| Two or more solutes being transported in the same direction... | Cotransport |
| Short, densely-packed hair-like processes of scattered bumps o the cell surface; sensory and absorptive functions... | Microvilli |
| Vesicular transport of particles into a cell... | Endocytosis |
| Sacs produced by the Golgi apparatus which contain enzymes for intracellular digestion, etc. | Lysosomes |
| Multiple layers of somewhat squarish, plump cells... | Stratified cuboidal epithelium |
| ___ epithelium is found in areas requiring flexibility such as the urinary system... | Trasitional |
| Type of connective tissue used for energy storage, thermal insulation and heat production... | Adipose |
| The ectoderm and mesoderm are both... | Primary germ layers |
| Most abundant formed element in blood... | Erythrocytes |
| Erythrocytes are also known as... | Red blood cells |
| Connections between one cell and another... | Cell junctions |
| Single layer of square to almost rounded cells... | Simple cuboidal epithelium |
| External surface of the stomach is covered by a ___... | Serosa |
| Encircle epithelial cells, joining each cell securely to the other... | Tight junctions |
| The collagen of areolar tissue is produced by... | Fibroblasts |
| Tendons are composed of ___ connective tissue... | Dense regular |
| Shape of the external ear is due to... | Elastic cartilage |
| Most abundant and only significant adipose tissue of the adult body... | Yellow fat |
| Separates the upper layers of epithelial tissue from the connective tissue below, within the skin... | Basement membrane |
| Occur in small numbers in mature organs/tissues through a person's life and have the ability to differentiate into a limited number of cell types... | Adult stem cells |
| Fount in fetuses; store lipids in the form of multiple globules rather than one large one; quick and easy breakdown... | Brown fat |
| Undifferentiated cells that are not yet performing any specialized function... | Stem cells |
| Relatively stiff connective tissue with a flexible rubbery matrix... | Cartilage |
| Premature, pathological tissue death... | Necrosis |
| Artificial production of tissue and organs in the lab for implantation... | Tissue engineering |
| Osseous tissue... | Bone |
| Replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same cell type present beforehand... | Regeneration |
| Replacement of dead or damaged cells with scar tissue... | Fibrosis |
| Programmed cell death... | Apoptosis |
| Most abundant, widely distributed and variable tissue in the body... | Connective tissue |
| Hereditary defect in elastin which tends to show up as hyper-extensible joints, vision problems, abnormally long limbs and tall stature... | Marfan syndrome |
| Tissue growth through cell multiplication... | Hyperplasia |
| Muscles that are not exercised exhibit disuse ___ and their cells become smaller... | Atrophy |
| Fluid connective tissue that travels through tubular vessels carrying nutrients throughout the body... | Blood |
| Occupies the 'empty space' within a tissue... | Ground substance |
| Basis for excitation... | Membrane potential |
| Constitute most of the volume of the nervous tissue... | Glial cells |
| Densely packed, parallel and often wavy collagen fibers... | Dense regular connective tissue |
| Found in the heart... | Cardiac muscle |
| Gland which maintains contact with surface/cavity by means of a duct... | Exocrine |
| Gland which releases secretion by exocytosis... | Merocrine |
| Glandular secretion contains the product and the disintegrated cellular parts... | Holocrine |
| Lacks striations and is voluntary... | Smooth muscle |
| Loose network of reticular fibers and cells, infiltrated with numerous leukocytes... | Reticular tissue |
| Product of a gland which is beneficial to the body.... | Secretion |
| Type of gland which releases products into the blood stream; has no duct... | Endocrine |
| Waste product removed by means of a gland... | Excretion |
| Abnormal redness of the skin... | Erythema |
| Brownish black form of melanin... | Eumelanin |
| Bruise... | Hematoma |
| Cancer-causing radiation which leaks through our ozone layer and can be a culprit in skin cancer... | Ultraviolet radiation |
| Covers the body and provides a barrier to pathogens and to excessive water loss... | Skin |
| Dilating of blood vessels; plays a role in relieving body of excess heat... | Vasodilation |
| Genetic lack of melanin... | Albinism |
| Immune cells of the epidermis... | Dendritic cells |
| Majority of epidermal cells... | Keratinocytes |
| Needed for bone development and maintenance; skin is the first step of its synthesis... | Vitamin D |
| Red pigment of blood... | Hemoglobin |
| Reddish-yellow form of melanin... | Pheomelanin |
| Scientific study and medical treatment of the integumentary system... | Dermatology |
| Tough protein which fills the upper epidermal cells forming a water-proof barrier... | Keratin |
| Undifferentiated cells that divide and give rise to the keratinocytes... | Stem cells |
| ___ sweating is sweating without noticeable wetness of the skin while maintaining a normal body temperature... | Insensible |
| A(n) ___ burn destroys the entire dermis... | Third degree |
| A hair is nourished by blood vessels in a connective tissue projections called the ___... | Dermal papillae |
| A muscle that causes a hair to stand on end in a "fight or flight" sort of response... | Piloerector muscle |
| Cells which synthesis melanin and aid in the overall production of pigmentation... | Melanocytes |
| Blueness of the skin due to low oxygen concentration of the blood... | Cyanosis |
| Cerumen... | Earwax |
| The ___ consists mainly of a single layer of cuboidal to columnar stem cells and keratinocytes rising from the basement membrane.. | Stratum basale |
| Hairs grow only during the ___ phase of the hair cycle... | Anagen |
| Composed of clumps of dander stuck together by sebum... | Dandruff |
| Holocrine glands that secrete into a hair follicle... | Sebaceous glands |
| Process of removing burned skin from a burn patient... | Debridement |
| Condition in which hair is lost from select regions of the scalp rather than thinning uniformly... | Pattern baldness |
| Cells of this layer are keratinized and dead... | Stratum corneum |
| The ___ is formed at the point where epidermal cells pass from stratum spinosum to stratum granulosum... | Epidermal water barrier |
| Skin condition/appearance which most likely results from liver malfunction... | Jaundice |
| Hair on a 6-year old child's arm is most likely... | Vellus hair |
| Scent gland... | Apocrine gland |
| Skin cells with a sensory role... | Tactile cells |
| Skin cells with an immune system role... | Dendritic cells |
| Gland which plays a role in the sense of hearing... | Ceruminous glands |
| Most common type of skin cancer... | Basale cell carcinoma |
| Burns which involve the epidermis and just part of the dermis... | Second degree |
| The femur is an example of a ___ bone... | Long |
| The vertebrae are great examples of ___ bones... | Irregular |
| The reduction in calcium excretion, increase intestinal calcium absorption and increased calcitrol synthesis are all effects of ... | PTH |
| Poor nutrition, lack of vitamin D and lack of exercise are all risk factors of ... | Osteoporosis |
| Have a ruffled border and secrete hydrochloric acid... | Osteoclasts |
| Forms blood cells and platelets... | Blood marrow |
| ___ give bones rigidity and mild flexion which helps them to support weight and not shatter... | Collagen fibers |
| A ___ is a common sign of osteoporosis... | Wrist fracture |
| One long bone meets another at it's ___... | Epiphysis |
| Osteoclasts are most closely related, by common descent, to... | Blood cells |
| The marrow cavity of an adult bone may contain... | Myeloid tissue |
| A spurt of growth in puberty results from cell proliferation and hypertrophy in the... | Epiphyseal plate |
| The walls between cartilage lacunae break down in the zone of... | Bone deposition |
| Thin layer of reticular connective tissue which lines the internal marrow cavity.. | Endosteum |
| Tiny cavities that contain the osteocytes... | Lacunae |
| Stem cells which develop from embryonic mesenchymal cells... | Osteogenic cells |
| Calcium phosphate crystallizes in bone as a mineral known as... | Hydroxyapatite |
| Tiny channels through which each osteocyte has contact to the cells around it... | Canaliculi |
| Addition of cells to the surface... | Appositional growth |
| Seed crystals of hydroxyapatite from only when the levels of Ca and P in the tissue fluid exceed what's known as the ___ | Solubility product |
| Calcium deficiency... | Hypocalcemia |
| Cells that secrete collagen and stimulate calcium phosphate deposition... | Osteoblasts |
| Most active form of Vitamin D produced mainly by the kidneys... | Calcitrol |
| Bone is often referred to as a ___, a combination of two basic structure materials that combine the optimal properties of each... | Composite |
| Transitional region between the epiphyseal cartilage and primary marrow cavity of a young bone... | Metaphysis |
| Softening of the bones sometimes experienced by pregnant or poorly nourished women... | Osteomalacia |
| Condition in which long bones of the limbs stop growing in childhood while other bone growth is unaffected... | Achondroplasia dwarfism |
| Growth from withing by the multiplication and deposition of new cells in the interior matrix... | Interstitial growth |
| Former osteoblasts... | Osteocytes |
| Calcified epiphyseal plate... | Ephiphyseal line |
| Formation of bone is called ossification or ___... | Osteogenesis |
| Spongy bone consists of a lattice of delicate slivers of bone called spicules and ___... | Trabeculae |
| ___ marrow is found in adults and no longer produces blood. | Yellow |
| The trabeculae of spongy bone orient themselves along lines of ___ applied by the weight of the body and it's movements... | Mechanical stress |
| The ___ is the basic structural unit of compact bone... | Osteon |
| Collagen fibers from the periosteum which become continuous with that of the tendons binding muscle to bone... | Perforating fibers |
| Adult form of rickets... | Osteomalacia |
| Break in the bone weakened by some other disease/disorder... | Pathological fracture |
| Carpals and tarsals are ___ bones... | Short |
| Central cavity found in a long bone... | Medullary cavity |
| Composed of bones, cartilages and ligaments... | Skeletal system |
| Connective tissue in which matrix is hardened by deposition of calcium phosphate and other minerals... | Osseous tissue |
| Covers surface of the bone which is part of a joint... | Articular cartilage |
| Fracture caused by abnormal trauma to a bone... | Stress fracture |
| Minute holes penetrating the bone... | Nutrient foramina |
| Shaft of the bone... | Diaphysis |
| Sheath which covers the external portion of a bone... | Periosteum |
| Spongy layer of bone in the cranium... | Diploe |
| Sternum and shoulder blade... | Flat bones |
| Study of bone... | Osteology |
| Layers of matrix which is secreted in concentric patterns... | Lamellae |
| ___ vertebrae do NOT have transverse foramina. | Thoracic |
| The leg, which extends from knee to ankle | Crural region |
| Most distinctive features include a thick stout body and blunt, squarish spinous process for attachment of muscles... | Lumbar vertebrae |
| The tubercle of a rib articulates with the ___ of a vertebrae | Transverse process |
| The bone that supports your body weight when you are sitting down is the... | Ischium |
| The disc-shaped head of the radius articulates with the ___ of the humerus. | Capitulum |
| Region of the skeleton which consists of the bones providing structure to the body's torso. | Axial |
| The region of the skeleton which consist of the bones of the appendages and their attachments to the torso. | Appendicular |
| The most complex part of the skeleton, with a total of twenty-two bones. | Skull |
| Immovable joints which join the bones of the skull together. | Sutures |
| Bones that are included in the skull and lie anterior to the cranial cavity. | Facial |
| Supports body weight and allows for movement of our upper torso and head | Vertebral column |
| Supports the arm and links it to the axial skeleton | Pectoral girdle |
| Most commonly fractures bone in the body. | Clavicle |
| Point of the shoulder is due to the ___, a projection of the scapula. | Acromion |
| Articulates with the glenoid cavity of the shoulder blade. | Humerus |
| Has a trochlear notch which articulates with the trochlea of the humerus. | Ulna |
| Lateral forearm bone | Radius |
| The thumb | Pollex |
| Marks the front portion of our pelvic girdle, where two pelvic bones come together. | Pubic symphysis |
| The femur meets the ___ to form the knee joint. | Tibia |
| Bony outgrowth or protruding part | Protuberance |
| Rough elevated surface | Tuberosity |
| Rounded knob that articulates with another bone | Head |
| Shallow, broad or elongated basin | Fossa |
| Small pit | Fovea |
| Smooth, flat and slightly concave/convex articular surface | Facet |
| Air filled space in a bone | Sinus |
| Two massive processes unique to the femur | Trochanters |
| Funnybone | Humeral epicondyle |
| Attached to the thorax only my muscles | Scapula |
| Bones of fingers and toes | Phalanges |
| Leg bone which does not bear any of the body's weight | Fibula |
| Longest and strongest bone of the body | Femur |
| Medial forearm bone | Ulna |
| Shin bone | Tibia |
| Supports arm and links it to the axial skeleton | Pectoral girdle |
| Lateral forearm bone | Radius |
| Canal through a bone | Meatus |
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