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Mod 2B A&P PP
Chapters 12, 13, 14, 15 Power Points
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Type AB Blood | Has Type A and B antigens in RBC, no anti A or B antibodies in plasma |
| Universal recipient blood | Type AB |
| Type O Blood | No type A or B antigens in RBC, has both A and B antibodies in plasma |
| Universal donor blood | Type O |
| Rh positive blood | Rh factor antigen present in RBC's |
| Erythroblastosis fetalis | Rh-negative mother carries a second Rh-positive fetus; caused by mother's Rh antibodies reacting with baby's Rh-postive cells |
| Blood Plasma | Liquid portion of whole blood minus formed elements. |
| Serum | Plasma minus clotting factors; contains antibodies. |
| Kinds of formed elements | RBC's-erythrocytes and WBC's leukocytes |
| Granular leukocytes | Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils |
| Non-granular leukocytes | Lymphocytes and Monocytes |
| Most blood diseases result from________ | Failure of myeloid and lymphatic tissues. |
| Causes of blood diseases | Toxic chemicals, readiation, inhertited defects, nutritional deficiencies and cancer |
| Polycythemia | Overproduction of RBC's |
| Anemia | Low or abnormal RBC's or hemoglobin |
| Hemorrhagic anemia | Blood loss is immediate or chronic (fast flow) |
| Aplastic anemia | Cht. by low RBC numbers and destruction of bone marrow; often caused by toxic chemicals, irradiation or certain drugs. |
| Pernicious anemia | Vitamin B12 deficiency; genetic related autoimmune disease. |
| Iron deficiency anemia | Caused by deficiency or inability to absorb iron needed for Hb synthesis; treatment is oral. |
| Hemolytic anemias | Caused by decreased RBC life span or increased RBC rate of destruction. |
| Sickle cell anemia | Genetic disease resulting in formation of abnormal hemoglobin, primarily in African American race. |
| Thalassemia | Group of inherited hemolytic anemias (decreased RBC life span) occuring primarily in Mediterranean descent. |
| Erythroblastosis fetalis | Rh factor incompatibility during pregnancy between developing baby and mother. |
| Leukocytes | White blood cells |
| General function of Leukocytes (WBC) | Protection of body from microorganisms by phagocytosis or antibody formation. |
| Leukopenia | Abnormally low WBC |
| Leukocytosis | Abnormally high WBC |
| Neutrophils | Most numerous type of phagocyte; numbers increase in bacterial infections. |
| Eosinphils | Weak; active against parasites and parasitic worms; involved in allergic reactions. |
| Basophils | Secrete histamine; related to mast cells in tissue spaces; also secrete heparin which prevents clots from forming. |
| Monocytes | Largest leukocyte; aggressive; engulfs larger bacteria and cancer cells |
| B lymphocytes (B-cells) | involved in immunity against disease by secretion of antibodies |
| T lymphocytes (T-cels) | Involved in direct attack on bacteria or cancer cells. |
| Multiple myeloma | Cancer of B-lymphocytes called plasma cells, most deadly blood cancer in people over 65. |
| Leukemias | WBC related blood cancer |
| Acute leukemia | Rapid development of symptoms |
| Chronic leukemia | Slow development of symptoms |
| Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) | Average onset is 65, more frequent in men; often diagnosed in routine physical. |
| Acute lymphocytic leukemia | Primarily in children between 3 and 7, highly curable in children but less in adults, onset in sudden. |
| Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) | 20% of all cases of leukemia, most often in adults 25-60, onset is slow; curative in over 70% of cases. |
| Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) | Accounts for 80% of all cases of acute leukemia in adults and 20% in children, sudden onset and rapid progression. |
| Infectious Mononucleosis | Noncancerous WBC disorder; highest between 15 and 25; Virus is in saliva. |
| Fibrin | Threads form a tangle to trap RBC's to produce a blood clot. |
| Vitamin K | Helps reduce risk of hemorrhage |
| Coumadin | Delays clotting by inhibiting prothrombin synthesis. |
| Heparin | Helps prevent clots from forming |
| Thrombus | Clot that stays in the place that it was formed. |
| Emobolism | A clot that dislodges and gets into the bloodstream. |
| Hemophilia A | Most serious bleeding disease worldwide; X-linked inherited disorder results from inability to produce Factor VIII (a plasma protein) responsible for blood clotting. |
| Thrombocytopenia | Caused by reduced platelet counts |
| Heart Chambers | Two upper called atria and two lower called ventricles |
| Atria | Receiving chambers |
| Ventricles | Discharging chambers |
| Myocardium | Cardiac muscle tissue that is on the walls of each chamber of the heart. |
| Endocardium | Smooth lining of heart chambers. |
| Endocarditis | Inflammation of the endocardium. |
| Systole | Contractions of the heart. |
| Diastole | Relaxation of the heart. |
| Name of valves that keep blood flowing through the heart, prevent backflow. | Atrioventricular and Semilunar Valves |
| Name the four valves | Tricuspid, Bicuspid, Pulmonary semilunar and Aortic Semilunar |
| Tricuspid | At the opening of the right atrium into the ventricle |
| Bicuspid | At the opening of the left atrium into the ventricle |
| Pulmonary semilunar | At the beginning of the pulmonary artery. |
| Aortic Semilunar | At the beginning of the aorta |
| Stenosed valves | Narrower than normal, reducing blood flow. |
| Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP) | Incompetence of mitral valve because its edges extend into the left atrium when the left ventricle contracts. |
| Two distinct sounds in every heartbeat or cycle | Lubb-dupp |
| Coronary Circulation | Blood, which supplies oxygen and nutrients to the myocardium of the heart, flows through the right and left coronary arteries. |
| Stroke Volume | The volume of blood ejected from one ventricle with each beat. |
| Cardiac Output | Amount of blood that one ventricle can pump each minute. |
| Bradycardia | Slow heart rate (under 60 bpm) |
| Tachycardia | Rapid heart rate (over 100 bpm) |
| Sinus dysrhythmia | Variation in heart rate during breathing cycle. |
| Premature Contraction (extrasystole) | Contraction that occurs sooner than expected in a normal rhythm. |
| Fibrillation | Condition in which cardiac muscle fibers are "out of step", producing no effective pumping action. |
| What can cause myocardial infarction? | Blockage of blood flow through the coronary arteries. |
| Left sided heart failure | Congestive heart failure |
| Arteries | Carry blood away from the heart. |
| Veins | Carry blood toward the heart. |
| Capillaries | Carry blood from the arterioles to the venules. |
| Tunica Intima-arteries | inner layer of endothelial cells. |
| Tunica media-arteries | smooth muscle, thick in arteries; important in blood pressure regulation. |
| Tunica Externa-arteries | thin outer layer of elastic tissue. |
| Tunica intima-veins | inner layer, valves prevent retrograde movement of blood. |
| Tunica media- veins | smooth muscle, thin |
| Tunica Externa-veins | heavy layer in many of these. |
| Capillaries-veins | microscopic vessels; only layer is the tunica intima. |
| Arteriosclerosis | Hardening of the arteries. |
| Atherosclerosis | Disorder in which lipids and other matter block arteries. |
| Arteries control? | Blood pressure |
| Ischemia | Blockage |
| Gangrene | decay |
| Aneurysm | Abnormal widening of the arterial wall. |
| Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) | Stroke |
| Varicose Veins | Enlarged veins in which blood pools. |
| Thrombophlebitis | Inflammation of a vein accompanied by a clot. |
| Hemorrhoids | Varicose veins in the rectum |
| Types of circulation | Systemic, pulmonary, hepatic portal |
| Systemic circulation | Carries blood throughout the body |
| Pulmonary circulation | Carries blood to and from the lungs; deliver deoxygenated blood to the lungs for gas exchange. |
| Hepatic portal circulation | Unique blood route through the liver. |
| Fetal Circulation | Refers to circulation before birth |
| Blood pressure | Push or force of blood in the blood vessels; hightest in arteries, lowest in veins. |
| Blood volume | Direct cause of blood pressure |
| Pulse | Alternate expansion and recoil of the blood vessel wall. |
| Circulatory Shock | Failure of the circulatory system to deliver oxygen to the tissues adequately. |
| Cardiogenic shock | Caused by heart failure |
| Hypovolemic Shock | Caused by a drop in blood volume that causes blood pressure and blood flow to drop. |
| Neurogenic Shock | Caused by nerve condition that dilates blood vessels and thus reduces blood flow. |
| Anaphylactic Shock | Caused by a type of severe allergic reaction. |
| Septic shock | Results from complications of septicemia (toxins in blood resulting from infection). |
| Lacteals | Lymphatic capillaries in the intestinal wall for fat transportation. |
| Right lymphatic duct | Drains lymph from the right upper extemity and right side of head, neck and upper torso. |
| Thoracic duct | Largest lymphatic vessel; drains lymph from about 3/4ths of the body. |
| Septicemia | Blood infection. |
| Lymph nodes | Filter lymph, located in clusters along the pathway of lymphatic vessels. |
| Function of lymph nodes | Defense; WBC formation |
| Thymus | Located in mediastinum; produces T-cells, secretes thymosin. |
| Nonspecific Immunity | Skin, tears and mucus, attracts immune cells to site of injury, promotes movemement of WBC to site of injury or infection. |
| Specific Immunity | Ability of body to recognize, respond to, and remember harmful substances or bacteria. |
| Inherited or Inborn Immunity | Inherited immunity to certain diseases from birth. |
| Active Natural | Acquiring immunity to a subsequent infection. |
| Passive Natural | A fetus receives protection from placenta or infant from mothers milk. |
| Active Artificial | Vaccination |
| Passive Artificial | Injection of antibodies that was developed by another individual's immune system. |
| Antibodies | Protein compounds with specific combining sites. |
| Combining Sites | Attach antibodies to antigen forming an antigen-antibody complex called humoral or antibody-mediated immunity. |
| Antigen-Antibody | Neutralizes toxins, clump or agglutinate enemy cells, promotes phagocytosis. |
| Phagocytes | Ingest and destroy foreign cells or other harmful substances via phagocytosis. |
| Types of Phagocytes | Neutrophils, Monocytes, Macrophages |
| Lymphocytes | Most numerous, deveolopment of Bcells |
| Function of B Cells | Produce humoral immunity, activated B-cells develop in to plasma cells, plasma cells secrete antibodies into the blood |
| Development of T-cells | Stem cells from bone marrow migrate to thymus gland |
| HIV Patients | Decrease in T-Cells |
| Function of T-cells | Produce cell-mediated immunity, kill invading cells by releasing a substance that poisons cells. |
| Allergy | Hypersensitivity to harmless environmental antigens (allergens) |
| Autoimmunity | Inappropriate, excessive response to self antigens; where the body attacks itself. |
| Isoimmunity | Excessive reaction to antigens from another human, may occur between mother and fetus or tissue transplants. |
| Congenital Immune deficiency or immunodeficiency | Meaning born with it. |
| Acquired immune deficiency | Develops after birth; HIV |
Created by:
ROSSMIBOA
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