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CCCC BIO107 Final
Human Anatomy & Physiology 1 Lecture Final
| FRONT | BACK |
|---|---|
| Skeletal Cartilage Characteristics | -has no blood vessels or nerves -dense connective tissue of perichondrium contains blood vessels for nutrient delivery |
| 3 Skeletal Cartilages | 1. Hyaline cartilages 2. Elastic cartilages 3. Fibrocartilages |
| Hyaline cartilages | -provide support, flexibility, resilience -most abundant type |
| Elastic cartilages | -similar to hyaline BUT -contain elastic fibers |
| fibrocartilages | -collagen fibers -have great tensile strength |
| 2 types of cartilage growth | 1. appositional 2. interstitial |
| appositional growth | cells secrete matrix against the external face of existing cartilage |
| interstitial growth | -chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix -expands cartilage from within |
| Calcification of cartilage | -"hardening" of cartilage -occurs during normal bone growth, old age |
| Classification of bones by location | 1. axial (skull, vertebrae, ribs) 2. appendicular (appendages, girdles) |
| classification of bones by shape | 1. long 2. short 3. flat 4. irregular |
| long bones + example | -longer than they are wide -example: humerus, femur |
| short bones + example | -cube-shaped (wrist/ankle) -sesamoid (within tendons) -example: cube-shaped (talus), sesamoid (patella) |
| flat bones + example | -thin, flat, slightly curved -example: sternum |
| irregular bones + example | -complicated shapes -example: vertebra |
| anatomy of long bone (2 components) | 1. structures 2. membranes |
| structures of long bone | 1. diaphysis (shaft) 2. epiphyses |
| diaphysis | -shaft of long bone -compact bone surrounding medullary cavity -medullary cavity contains fat (yellow marrow) |
| epiphyses | -expanded ends of long bone -spongy bone interior -has epiphyseal line -articular (hyaline) cartilage on joints |
| membranes of long bone | 1. periosteum 2. endeosteum |
| periosteum | -membrane of long bone -outer fibrous layer -inner osteogenic layer -nerve fibers, nutrient blood vessels, lymphatic vessels enter via foramina -secured by Sharpey's fibers |
| inner osteogenic layer | -part of periosteum -contains 3 things 1. osteoblasts (bone building) 2. osteoclasts (bone destroying) 3. osteogenic cells (stem cells) |
| endosteum | -delicate membrane on internal surfaces of long bone -contains osteoblasts and clasts |
| osteon system | -aka haversion system -structural unit of compact bone |
| osteon system anatomy | 1. lamellae 2. central/haversion canal 3. collagen fibers 4. Perforating/Volkmann's canals 5. Lacunae 6. Canaliculi |
| lamellae | -part of osteon system -weight-bearing -column-like matrix tubes |
| Central (haversian) canal | -part of osteon system -contains blood vessels and nerves |
| Perforating (Volkmann's) canals | -part of osteon system -at right angles to central canal -connects blood vessels and nerves of periosteum and central canal |
| lacunae | -part of osteon system -small cavities in osteon system that contain osteocytes |
| canaliculi | -part of osteon system -hairlike canals -connect lacunae to each other and central canal |
| bone markings | -bulges, depressions, and holes in bone |
| bone markings purpose | -sites of attachment for muscles/ligaments/tendons -serve as joint surfaces -channels for blood vessels/nerves |
| bone marking projections purpose | 1. sites of muscle/ligament attachment 2. projections that help to form joints |
| bone marking projections sites of muscle/ligament attachment 1 | 1. tuberosity (rounded projection) 2. crest (narrow, prominent ridge) 3. trochanter (large, blunt, irregular surface) 4. line (narrow ridge of bone) |
| bone marking projections sites of muscle/ligament attachment 2 | 5. tubercle (small rounded projection) 6. epicondyle (raised area above condyle) 7. spine (sharp, slender projection) 8. process (any bony prominence) |
| bone marking projections that help form joints | 1. head (bony expansion carried on narrow neck) 2. facet (smooth, nearly flat articular surface) 3. condyle (rounded articular projection) 4. ramus (armlike bar) |
| bone markings: depressions and openings | 1. meatus (canal-like passageway) 2. sinus (cavity within a bone) 3. fossa (shallow depression) 4. groove (furrow) 5. fissure (narrow, slitlike opening) 6. foramen (opening/hole through bone) |
| ossification | -aka osteogenesis -bone tissue formation |
| ossification stages | 1. bone formation (begins in 2nd month) 2. postnatal bone growth (until early adulthood) 3. bone remodeling/repair (lifelong) |
| 2 types of ossification | 1. intramembranous 2. endochondral |
| intramembranous ossification | -membrane bone develops from fibrous membrane -forms flat bones (e.g. - clavicles and cranial bones) |
| endochondral ossification | -cartilage (endochondral) bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage -forms most of skeleton |
| intramembranous ossification step 1 | 1. ossification centers appear in the fibrous connective tissue (made up of mesenchymal cells & osteoblasts) |
| intramembranous ossification step 2 | 2. bone matrix (osteoid) is secreted within the fibrous membrane and calcifies (osteoblasts secrete osteoid, calcifies in few days) |
| intramembranous ossification step 3 | 3. woven bone & periosteum form (accumulating osteoid results in network of trabeculae called woven bone)(condensed mesenchyme forms periosteum) |
| intramembranous ossification step 4 | 4. lamellar bone replaces woven bone, just deep to periosteum. red marrow appears (trabeculae thicken, replaced with lamellar bone, forms compact bone plates)(spongy bone vascular tissue becomes red marrow) |
| postnatal bone growth | -2nd stage of ossification -2 types of growth (interstitial/appositonal) |
| postnatal bone growth: interstitial vs. appositional | 1. interstitial growth (increase in length of long bones) 2. appositional growth (increase in thickness and remodeling of all bones by osteoblasts & -clasts) |
| bone remodeling controlled by? | 1. hormonal mechanisms that maintain calcium homeostasis in blood 2. mechanical/gravitational forces |
| calcium necessary for? | 1. transmission of nerve impulses 2. muscle contraction 3. blood coagulation 4. secretion by glands and nerve cells 5. cell division |
| hormonal control of blood Ca2+ | -primarly controlled by PTH 1. decrease in blood Ca2+ 2. parathyroid gland release PTH 3. PTH stimulates osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix and release Ca2+ into blood 4. increase in blood Ca2+ |
| Stage 1 in healing a bone fracture | 1. Hematoma forms -torn blood vessels hemorrhage -hematoma (clot) forms -site becomes swollen, painful, inflamed |
| Stage 2 in healing a bone fracture | 2. Fibrocartilaginous callus forms -phagocytic cells clear debris -osteoblasts form spongy (1 week) -fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers to connect bone ends -mass of repair tissue now called fibrocartilaginous callus |
| Stage 3 in healing a bone fracture | 3. bony callus formation -new trabeculae form bony, hard callus -formation continues until firm (~2 months) |
| Stage 4 in healing a bone fracture | 4. bone remodeling occurs -in response to mechanical stressors (several months) -final structure resembles original -healed fracture complete |
| functional classification of joints | -based on amount of movement by joint -3 classifications 1. synarthroses (immovable) 2. amphiarthroses (slightly movable) 3. diarthroses (freely movable) |
| structural classification of joints | -based on material binding bones together and presence of joint cavity -3 structural classifications 1. fibrous 2. cartilaginous 3. synovial |
| fibrous joints | -structural classification -bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue -NO JOINT CAVITY -Most synarthrotic (immovable) |
| fibrous joint types | 1. sutures 2. syndesmoses 3. gomphoses |
| Sutures & example | -fibrous joint -rigid, interlocking joints containing short connective tissue fibers -allow for growth in youth -frontal suture of skull |
| Syndesmoses & example | -fibrous joint -bones connected by ligaments -immovable to slightly movable -synarthrotic distal tibiofibular joint |
| gomphoses & example | -fibrous joint -peg-in-socket joints of teeth -periodontal ligament holds tooth |
| cartilaginous joints | -bones united by cartilage -NO JOINT CAVITY |
| types of cartilaginous joints | 1. synchondroses 2. symphyses |
| synchondroses & example | -cartilaginous joint -bar of hyaline cartilage unites the bones -ALL SYNATHROTIC -joint bt 1st rib & sternum |
| symphyses & example | -cartilaginous joint -hyaline cartilage covers articulating surfaces & fused to fibrocartilage pad -strong, flexible amphiarthroses -pubic symphysis |
| synovial joints: general | -ALL are diarthotic -includes all limb joints -MOST joints of the body |
| synovial joints: movements | 1. gliding 2. angular movements 3. rotation |
| synovial joints: gliding | -one flat bone glides over another |
Created by:
rolandowallace
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