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BIO SEM #1
Biology - Sem #1 - JHS
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is biology? | The study of life. |
| What do biologists do? | Study living things. |
| What are the characteristics of living organisms? | Reproduction, Obtain & Use Energy, Adaptation, Made of One of More Cells, Homeostasis, Grow & Develop, Response to a Stimulus, Organization, Has DNA. |
| What is science? | Gaining knowledge about the universe by generating explanations and testable predictions and using various methods to support those predictions/explanations. |
| How do you know what information is science-based? | Science-based questions are questions that are testable and probable and do not ask for an opinion. |
| How do you know what information is pseudoscience? | Pseudoscience are questions that do not require scientific facts to answer and these questions are not testable - they are mostly based on "feelings" and/ or opinions. |
| What does it mean to be scientifically literate? | One understands the scientific process involved and can use reasoning and critical thinking skills to solve problems. |
| What is the importance of peer review? | Peer review allows others to "check" one's work and it also keeps him/her honest about their research/results it is published. |
| What are ethics and why are they essential in scientific study? | They are moral principles held by society and it is important that scientists consider the morals of society so people don't do tests that may cause harm to others or to the environment. |
| What is the scientific method? | An organized series of steps that one goes through when they observe an event and conduct an experiment to explain the event. |
| What are the steps of scientific method? | Observe, Question, Research, Generate a Hypothesis, Do an Experiment, Generate Data, Analyze the Data, Conclude. |
| What do you need to do BEFORE you make a hypothesis and why is it necessary? | Do an investigation (research) because this way you make an EDUCATED guess. |
| Why is this hypothesis not valid: "I hypothesize that aliens have green blood." | This hypothesis is not testable because there are no aliens for your experiment. |
| What is the comparison and contrast of the control group? | The control group is the group that does not get the item you are testing - you use the control group to compare to the experimental group to "see" the change. |
| What is the comparison and contrast of the experimental group? | The experimental group(s) receive the item you are testing (they are expected to change in the experiment) - You compare this group to the control group. |
| What is the comparison and contrast of the independent variable? | The independent variable is what you control in the experiment - you control which group is the control group and which group gets the treatment. |
| What is the comparison and contrast of the dependent variable? | The dependent variable is what changes as a result of adding the treatment. |
| What is a constant? | A constant is a variable that is not being manipulated in the experiment but is essential to maintain the experiment - all constants must be the same in order to determine that the variable you are testing is or isn't causing a change. |
| What is the control group? | The control group is directly related to what you are testing. |
| Describe the conditions of Early Earth? | Hot, Lots of Lava, Exploding Volcanoes, Water Vapor, CO2, Carbon Monoxide, Hydrogen Sulfide, and other Toxic Gases. - NO liquid water!!! NO life!!! |
| What are the 6 types of fossils? | Trace, Molds/Casts, Replacement, Petrified/Permineralized, Amber, and Original Materials. |
| What is Trace? | Marks left behind by an organism: Footprints, Fossilized Feces, Burrows, Drag marks from a tail. |
| What is Molds/Casts? | A Mold is a cavity in rock that has the shape of an organism but a Cast is an organism that was filled with sediment. |
| What is Replacement? | The original material of the organism that has been replaced with minerals. |
| What is Petrified/Permineralized? | The organism is completely calcified or turned to stone. |
| What is Amber? | Organism trapped in hardened tree sap. |
| What is Original Material? | Organism that has been preserved, trapped in a bog or tar pit, these places contain few decomposers resulting is the severe slowing of decomposition of the organism. |
| What does a paleontologist do? | They study fossils. |
| What is the advantages and disadvantages of using Radiometric dating? | Radiometric Dating advantage is that it is very accurate but disadvantage is that you can only date things between 100 years and 80,000 years. |
| What is the advantages and disadvantages of using Relative Dating? | Relative Dating advantage is that you can date anything (No age restrictions) but disadvantage is that the age is approximate. |
| What is a half-life? | A half-life is the amount of time it takes for 1/2 of the element to decay. |
| What is the Geologic Time Scale? | A record of the earth's history. |
| What is the order of time from the longest to the shortest with Eon, Epoch, Era, Period? | Eon, Era, Period, Epoch. |
| Which era did the first vertebrates appear? | Paleozoic |
| Which era did humans appear? | Cenozoic |
| Which era did amphibians appear? | Paleozoic |
| Which era did first plants appear? | Paleozoic |
| Which era did dinosaurs appear? | Mesozoic |
| Which era did the Ice Ages begin? | Cenozoic |
| Which era did the first mammals appear? | Mesozoic |
| What are some of the "firsts" and main events that happened during the Precambrian era? | FIRST LIFE: Prokaryotes, then single-celled Eukaryotics, then multi-celled organisms. EXTENSIVE GLACIATION: Global cooling period. |
| What evidence do scientists have that indicates that the mass extinction, called the K-T boundary, was caused by a meteorite impact? | Layer of Iridium - rare element on earth but common in meteorites. |
| What is spontaneous generation? | Spontaneous generation is the belief that life can arise out of non-life. |
| How was spontaneous generation proven false? | Redi used 3 jars of rotting meat. He left one jar open, 2nd jar tightly sealed, and 3rd jar covered with breathable fabric. Flies were only found in the 1st jar - which proved that flies didn't spontaneously arise, but flies come from flies. |
| What is the theory of biogenesis? | The theory that living things make other living things. |
| What is the "Primordial soup" hypothesis? | The theory that the right molecules were in the right place at the right time under the right conditions and 1st life was created. |
| What is the endosymbiont theory? | The endosymbiont theory is the belief that a large prokaryote absorbed a smaller one and instead of digesting it, it provided the larger prokaryote with energy, thus the larger prokaryote provided protection to the smaller one inside becoming eukaryotes. |
| What evidence do scientists have to support endosymbiont theory? | The chloroplasts and mitochindria in eukaryotes are the same size as prokaryotes. These organelles have their own DNA and can self-replicate if needed & they are both energy factories. |
| How did Charles Lyell's book, The Principles of Geology, and Thomas Malthus's essay, An Essay on the Principle of Population, influenced Darwin's theory of Evolution by way of natural selection? | Lyell's book said how Earth changes geologically over time. It made Darwin think that organisms that live must change to stay alive. Malthus's essay said humans overproduce might run out of resources & so Darwin believed it was the same for all species. |
| How is selective breeding like artificial selection? | Selective Breeding is when 2 individuals breed for the purpose of having desired traits in their offspring. Artificial selection is when human deliberately bred individuals to produce offspring with specific traits. |
| What are the 4 principles of Darwin's theory of natural selection? | Organisms Overreproduce, Resources are Limited, Variations exist in populations which gives rise to unequal fitness, those with the best traits are more likely to survive & produce offspring than those that don't & thesebetter traits will be in offspring. |
| What is evolution? | Genetic changes in populations over long period of time. |
| What are the different types of evidence used to support the theory of evolution? | Fossil Record, Comparative Anatomy, Comparative Embryology, Comparative Biochemistry, & Geographic Distribution. |
| What is Fossil Record? | Compare today's skeletons to fossilized remains. |
| What is Comparative Anatomy? | Compare Homologous traits (Compare "parts" to "parts"). |
| What is Comparative Embryology? | Compare embryos and developmental stages. |
| What is Comparative Biochemisty? | Compare DNA and other molecules. |
| What is Geographic Distribution? | Compare similar groups of a species that live far apart but live in similar environments. |
| What are vestigial structures? | Vestigial structures are structures that are present on organisms but have no function. |
| How do vestigial structures support evolution? | Their presence implies that these structures may have had a function in the organism in the past-but no longer now. It supports the idea that when the environment changes, then the populations change with it. |
| What is the comparison and contrast of Ancestral traits/Derived traits? | DERIVED: Newly evolved feature - not present in an ancestor but is present now. ANCESTRAL: Present in an ancestor and is still present today (No change). |
| What is the comparison and contrast of Homologous structure/Analogous structure? | HOMOLOGOUS: Similar structures (& function) in populations that share a common ancestor (Ex. Crocodile & Alligator) ANALOGOUS: Similar structures (& function) in populations that do not share a common ancestor (Ex. Fly & Bird) |
| What is the comparison and contrast of Mimicry/Camouflage? | MIMICRY: Organism looks like another organism - usually a deadly version (Ex. Coral snake is deadly but Scarlett King Snake is not) CAMOUFLAGE: Organism blends into its environment. |
| What is the comparison and contrast of Gradualism/Punctuated Equilibrium? | GRADUALISM: Small, slow changes over time (Looks like a gradual incline) PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM: Periods of no change followed by a quick burst of change (looks like steps) |
| What is the comparison and contrast of Founder Effect/Bottleneck Effect? | FOUNDER EFFECT: Small part of a large population gets separated or chooses to leave the group and establish themselves elsewhere. BOTTLENECK EFFECT: Event (usually a catastrophe) results in dramatic decline in #'s of population; they survive & replenish. |
| What is the comparison and contrast of Genetic Drift/Allele Fixation/Gene Flow? | GENETIC DRIFT: Change in allelic frequency of population. ALLELE FIXATION: Individuals in a population have the same trait: the alleles are all one type GENE FLOW: New alleles are introduced into a population which increases genetic variability- migration |
| What is Prezygotic Isolating Mechanisms? | PREZYGOTIC: Things that prevent individuals from mating - 1. Change in sleep/wake cycles 2. Ground species vs. Aboreal species 3. Strong preference for a particular trait 4. Behavioral differences. |
| What is Postzygotic Isolating Mechanism? | POSTZYGOTIC: Events that prevents offspring from being successful after mating 1. "Problems" in the offspring 2. Offspring are sterile 3. Unsuccessful birth of offspring. |
| What is the comparison and contrast of Sympatric Speciation/Allopatric Speciation? | SYMPATRIC: Part of a population evolves into a new species - both species live in the same area. ALLOPATRIC: A geographical barrier separates one population into two or more; each population evolves - they become different species. |
| What are the 4 types of Selection? | Stabilizing selection, Disruptive selection, Directional selection, and Sexual selection |
| What is Stabilizing Selection? | The average trait is the most fit. |
| What is Disruptive Selection? | The average trait is the least fit. |
| What is Directional Selection? | One of the extreme traits is the most fit. |
| What is Sexual Selection? | Mates are chosen based on presence/absence of certain traits. |
| What is adaptive radiation? | One species gives rise to many species over a relatively short period of time usually due to a new environment or a new niche becomes available. |
| What is coevolution? | Two species who have a close relationship to one another typically evolve together - though they will both evolve in their own way that makes them "Best Fit". |
| What is convergent evolution? | Unrelated species evolve similar traits even though they may live on different continents - usually because they live in similar environments - Ex. Desert, Tundra, Forest, etc. |
| Who observed tiny structures in cork- calling them cells? | Robert Hook |
| Who discovered single-celled, animal-like organisms in pond water? | Anton van Leeuwenhoek |
| Who discovered all plants are made up of cells? | Matthias Schleiden |
| Who discovered all animals are made up of cells? | Theodor Schwann |
| Who stated cells come from other living cells through cell division? | Rudolf Virchow |
| Who created the first compound light microscope? | Hans and Zacharias Janssen |
| Who theorized that some organelles may have once been free-living prokaryotes? | Lynn Margulis |
| What is the comparison and contrast of a compound light microscope with an electron microscope? | COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE: Glass lenses & Light - Max Magnify about 1000X. ELECTRON MICROSCOPE: Magnets & a beam of electrons - Max magnify is 500,000X - you can see organelles within a cell clearly & you can see the molecules that make up the organelles. |
| What are the 3 components of the cell theory? | 1. Cells come from other living things. 2. Cells are the basic unit of a living thing (building blocks of life). 3. All living things are made up of one or more cells. |
| Describe what are Prokaryotic cells made up of? | PROKARYOTES: No organelles with membranes; 10X smaller than Eukaryotes; Bacteria are prokaryotes; no true nucleus;not compartmentalized; Cell wall contains peptidoglycan; first cells on earth; few organelles - like ribosomes;simple |
| Describe what are Eukaryotic cells made up of? | EUKARYOTES: Many organelles; highly organized; 10x larger than prokaryotes;membranes surround the organelles; two types (Plant cell & Animal cell); true nucleus |
| In the Eukaryotic cell, what controls what enters and leaves the cell? | Plasma Membrane |
| In the Eukaryotic cell, it is where proteins are made? | Ribosome |
| In the Eukaryotic cell, it "Eat" cell wastes, foreign bodies and worn out cell parts? | Lysosome |
| In the Eukaryotic cell, what controls all cell processes in the cell? | Nucleus |
| In the Eukaryotic cell, what collects sunlight, sugar is made, found in plant cells only? | Chloroplast |
| In the Eukaryotic cell, what is the transportation highway of the cell, molecules are transported? | Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
| In the Eukaryotic cell, it is where membranes are made here, calcium regulated, complex carbs broken down? | Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum |
| In the Eukaryotic cell, it is where ATP is made, provides energy for the cell? | Mitochondrion |
| In the Eukaryotic cell, it is waterproof, protective, barrier that is found in plant cells and prokaryotes? | Cell Wall |
| In the Eukaryotic cell, it provides the structural framework for the cell, support & holds cell shape? | Cytoskeleton |
| In the Eukaryotic cell, it is where molecules are received, modified, repackaged and shipped out through a vesicle? | Golgi Apparatus |
| In the Eukaryotic cell, it is found in plant cells, stores water, minerals and sometimes holds toxins? | Large Central Vacuole |
| In the Eukaryotic cell, they are tiny sac-like structures, they carry molecules from place to place (most come from the golgi-exocytosis)? | Vesicles |
| In the Eukaryotic cell, they are microtubules that emerge and attach to chromosomes, used to guide the chromosomes to opposite sides of the cell during cell division? | Centrioles |
| In the Eukaryotic cell, it is a long, movable fiber, helps prokaryotes and some single-celled organisms (Animal cell) move in aquatic environments? | Flagella |
| What organelles are found in ALL cells? | Ribosomes, DNA, Plasma Membranes |
| What organelles are found in PLANT cells ONLY? | Chloroplasts, Large Central Vacuole |
| What organelles are found in ANIMAL cells ONLY? | Lysosomes, Centrioles |
| What organelles are found in Plants & Prokaryotes? | Cell Wall |
| What organelles are found in Plants & Animals ONLY? | Nucleus, RER, SER, Golgi, Vesicle, Mitochondria, Cytoskeleton |
| What organelles are found in Animals & Prokaryotes ONLY? | Flagella |
| What does Selective Permeability mean to the key property of membranes? | SELECTIVE = Picky, choosy. PERMEABLE = The ability to pass through - so membranes are able to be picky about what can pass through. |
| What does it mean when it is said that the plasma membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer? | The bilayer is arranged so that two rows of phospholipids line up side-by-side. They are arranged so that the polar, hydrophilic heads face out & the nonpolar, hydrophobic tails face in - they touch tail to tail. It looks like an ice cream sandwich! |
| What is the benefit of the bilayer structure of the plasma membrane (How does this layout help)? | This arrangement provides a boundary that can control what enter/leaves the cell. |
| In the membrane, what keeps the nonpolar tails from sticking together - provides fluidity/movement? | Cholesterol |
| In the membrane, what is used to help maintain the membrane structure and the cell's shape? | Structural Proteins |
| In the membrane, what is designed to aid in carrying larger molecules across membranes (Facilitated Diffusion)? | Transport (Channel) Proteins |
| In the membrane, it can read/detect signals from approaching molecules to determine if the molecule is "Friend or Foe"? | Carbohydrates |
| What is Passive Transport? | Movement from high concentration to lower concentration without using any additional energy. |
| What is Diffusion? | Movement of substances from high to low concentrations without additional energy. |
| What is Osmosis? | Movement of water molecules from high to low concentrations without using additional energy. |
| What is Facilitated Diffusion? | Movement of large substances from high to low concentrations without additional energy but with the help of transport/carrier proteins. |
| What is Active Transport? | Movement from low concentration to high concentration using additional energy. |
| In Active Transport, what is Endocytosis? | Using energy to move large molecules into a cell. |
| In Active Transport, what is Exocytosis? | Using energy to move large molecules out of a cell. |
| What are the 3 types of solutions that are related to osmosis? | Isotonic, Hypotonic, & Hypertonic |
| What is Isotonic? | Concentrations are equal on both sides of the membrane, molecules will move freely across the membrane - the concentration remains equal (Dynamic Equilibrium) |
| What is Hypotonic? | It is when the solution has more (solvent) water and less solutes than inside the cell, the water will move into the cell and the cell will swell and can possibly burst. |
| What is Hypertonic? | It is when the solution has less (solvent) water and more solutes than inside the cell, the water will move out of the cell and the cell will shrink/shrivel. |
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RMAN4SCHOOL
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