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Biology Midterms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 3 differences between plant and animal cells | Plants have: cell walls, large vacuole, chloroplasts Animals have:centrioles |
| Equation for photosynthesis | 6CO(2)+ 6H(2)O + Light --> C(6)H(12)O(6) + 6O(2) |
| Equation for respiration | C(6)H(12)O(6)+ 6O(2) --> 6CO(2)+ 6H(2)O + ATP |
| How are respiration and photosynthesis related? | They are opposite equations |
| What is the difference between an inference and an observation? | Observations are made using your senses and inferences are guesses based on observations |
| Stages of Mitosis | Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytophase |
| Prophase | nuclear membrane disappears, duplicated chromosomes are joined together at centromere, centrioles appear and begin to move to opposite ends of the cell |
| Metaphase | chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell, pairs of chromosomes (chromotids) attach to the spindle |
| Anaphase | the centromere divides, chromotids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell |
| Telophase | chromosomes arrive at the poles and the spindle disappears, the chromosomes become long and thin,the nuclear membrane reappears, the cytoplasm divides and the cell pinches inward |
| Cytophase | two new daughter cells are produced – each with its own nucleus and identical chromosomes |
| What is meiosis and how does it work? | Meiosis is how gametes (sex cells) are produced. It reduces the number of chromosomes from the diploid number in the body cells (2n) to the haploid number (n) found in the gametes. |
| What are the resulting cells of meiosis called? | The resulting cells are called gametes or sex cells (egg and sperm cells). |
| Steps of the scientific method | 1. Ask a question 2. Do background research 3. Construct a hypothesis 4. Test your hypothesis by doing an experiment 5. Analyze your data and draw a conclusion 6. Communicate your results |
| Variable that is deliberately changed | Independent Variable |
| Variable that changes as a result of manipulation | Dependent Variable |
| The group that you change one thing about | Experimental |
| The group that stays the same and is used for a comparison | Control |
| Something that can bring about a change in an experiment | Variables |
| Conditions that do not change in an experiment | Constant |
| Characteristics of Living Things | 1. Made up of one or more cells 2. Use energy 3. Adapted to their environment 4. Respond to stimuli 5. Living things reproduce 6. Grow and develop |
| Difference between sexual and asexual reproduction | Sexual reproduction involves two organisms and will produce an offspring that is not genetically identical to the parent Asexual reproduction comes from only one organism and will produce offspring that are genetically identical to that parent. |
| What is homeostasis? | The ability of an organism to maintain internal conditions. |
| What are lipids? (examples, what do they do) | Fats, oils and waxes. Store more energy than any other organic compound. Also help keep organisms waterproof and insulated |
| What has more H + ions than water ____ More OH- ions than water ____. | Acid. Base |
| A substance that regulates or stabilizes the pH is a _____ | Buffer |
| What are proteins constructed from? | Amino Acids |
| How do salts help the body? | Help nerves carry messages |
| How many simple sugars are hooked together for a monosaccharide? Disaccharide? Polysaccharide? | 1. 2. More than 2 |
| Two types of nucleic acids | DNA RNA |
| What is plasmolysis? | Shrinking of the cell’s cytoplasm due to the loss of water |
| Increased turgor pressure? | Water moves into the cell due to being placed in a hypotonic solution |
| A hypotonic solution? | There are fewer solutes in the solution than in the cell so water moves into the cell |
| A hypertonic solution? | There are more solutes in the solution than in the cell so water moves out of the cell |
| An isotonic solution? | Equal concentration of solutes inside and outside the cell so no net water movement. |
| What helps with the structure of a plant cell? | cell wall |
| What helps with the structure of an animal cell? | Microtubules and microfilaments |
| What is the difference between a prokaryotic and a eukaryotic cell? | Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus or any other membrane bound organelles (bacteria). Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles and are more advanced than prokaryotic cells (plants, animals, fungi and protest) |
| What cell type is the most advanced? | Eukaryotic |
| What does cell theory state? | 1. All living things are made up of one or more cells 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function for all living things 3. Cells can only come from pre-existing cells |
| Active Transport | The movement of molecules from low concentration to high concentration and this would require energy |
| Passive Transport | The movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration and does not require energy. |
| What is diffusion? | Movement of molecules from high to low |
| Scientists who contributed to cell theory | Virchow, Schleiden, and Schwann |
| Who was the first person to see living cells? | Leeuwenhoek |
| Dominant Trait | Will show up if it is present in either heterozygous or homozygous conditions |
| Recessive Trait | Will only show up in the homozygous state and will be hidden by a dominant gene in the heterozygous condition. |
| Where are genes found? | Chromosoms |
| How many chromosomes in a human body cell? | 46 |
| How many chromosomes in a human gamete? | 23 |
| Who are the scientists who made the model of the DNA molecule? | Watson and Crick |
| A green heterozygous is crossed with a yellow pure where green is dominant. What are the genotypic and phenotypic ratios? | genotype ratio: 2Gg: 2gg phenotype ratio 2 green: 2 yellow |
| A group of cells working together are a ___. | Tissue |
| A group of tissues working together are an___. | Organ |
| A group of organs working together form an ___. | Organ System |
| ___-->___-->____--> | Tissue. Organ. Organ System |
| Dihybrid Cross for: ttgg x TtGG | |
| Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins | Golgi Apparatus |
| Non-living structure that provides support and protection | Cell Wall |
| Stores waste materials | Vacuoles |
| Regulates the movement of material into and out of the cell | Cell (plasma) membrane |
| Site of aerobic respiration- where energy is released | Mitochondria |
| Structure that is needed for photosynthesis | Chloroplast |
| Provides passage ways for materials to be transported within a cell | Endoplasmic Reticulum |
| Contains nucleotides for genetic material, like chromosomes | Nucelus |
| Site of protein synthesis | Ribosomes |
| Contains enzymes to break down certain molecules | Lysosome |
| Helps with cell division in animal cells only | Centrioles |
| A prediction that can be tested | Hypothesis |
| An experiment | experiment |
| Scientist report work in scientific journals | Analyze |
| Clearly state the problem to be solved or the question to be answered | Problem |
| Made the first microscope | Leewenhoek |
| All organisms utilize Life Processes, including: 1-4 | 1. Nutrition 2. Respiration 3. Excretion 4. Transport |
| Process where oxygen is used to breakdown food and release energy | Respiration |
| Removal of waste products from cell | Excretion |
| Plants make their own food (they are called autographs), Animals ingest their food (heterotrophs). These are examples of ___. | Nutrients |
| Take in Food ____ Breakdown Food ___ | Ingestion Digestion |
| The loss of water in a cell results in the process of ___. | Plasmolysis |
| Main source of energy for all living things | Carbohydrates |
| Enzymes are proteins which act as ___. | Catalysts |
| Four types of organic compounds in living things | 1. Lipids 2. Carbohydrates 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acid |
| What do enzymes do? | Control the rate of chemical reactions |
| 0-6 level on the pH scale | Acid |
| 8-14 level on the pH scale | Base |
| ___ are made up of amino acids. Necessary for the building and repair of body tissues. | Proteins |
| Process by which certain organisms can use heat food (energy) | Chemosynthesis |
| What is required by all living things? | Energy |
| converting light energy to chemical energy and storing it in the bonds of sugar | Photosynthesis |
| molecule most often found on the surface of a cell, which receives chemical signals originating externally from the cel | Receptors |
| process of nuclear cell division. During division, the nucleus of the cell divides, resulting in two sets of identical chromosomes | Mitosis |
Created by:
MaddsH
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