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Biology 4.1
module 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| axon | Fiber of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body. |
| cell body | Pirtion of a neuron that contains a nucleus and from which dendrites and an axon extend |
| central nervous system (CNS) | Portion of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord |
| dendrite | Part of a neuron that sends signals towards the cell body |
| effector organs | Effector organs cause something to happen. They produce an effect after the nerve has been stimulated, such as a muscle contracting or a gland secreting a substance. |
| interneurons | Neuron, located within the central nervous system, conveying messages between parts of the central nervous system. |
| myelin sheath | White, fatty material - derived from the membrane of Schwann cells that forms a covering for nerve fibres. |
| motor neurons | A nerve cell forming part of a pathway along which impulses pass from the brain or spinal cord to a muscle or gland |
| neuron | Nerve cell that characteristically has three parts: dendrites, cell body, and avon |
| sensory neuron | Nerve cell that transmits nerve impulses to the central nervous system after a sensory receptor has been stimulated. |
| sensory receptors | Structure that receives either external or internal environmental stimuli and is a part of a sensory neuron or transmits signals to a sensory neuron |
| action potential | the electrical potential determined by unequal ion distribution when a particular site on the neuron membrane is conducting an impulse; normally about +40 millivolts |
| all-or-none response | is the principle by which neurons either reach a stimulation threshold and fire or they don’t receive enough stimulation so don’t fire at all. It’s all-or-none in terms of a neuron firing or not |
| depolarization | The nerve impulse, called an action potential, consists of an electrochemical change that occurs across an axomembrane. During depolarization, Na+ moves inside the axon, and during repolarization, K+ moves to outside the axon. |
| recovery period | A rest period between grazings that allows plants time to regrow their leaves and restore root mass and energy stores.. |
| repolarization | The nerve impulse, called an action potential, consists of an electrochemical change that occurs across an axomembrane. During depolarization, Na+ moves inside the axon, and during repolarization, K+ moves to outside the axon. |
| resting membrane potential | (RMP) electrical potential determined by unequal ion distribution when an excitable cell (i.e., neuron) does not convey an impulse; normally about -65 millivolts |
| saltatory conduction | jumping movement of AP from node to node on a neuron; increases speed of conduction considerably |
| threshold | minimum stimulation required for the neuron to go into action potential |
| axon bulb | refers to the bulb-like shape for the terminal end of an axon |
| cholinesterase | example of an enzyme responsible for the breakdown of a specific neurotransmitter, in this case acetylcholine |
| integration | summative effect of inhibitory and excitatory synapses; activity of postsynaptic cell depends on the combination of all these synapses, which allows for control of synaptic transmission |
| neurotransmitter | molecule released from presynaptic neuron; may cause action potential in postsynaptic cell; norepinephrin, acetylcholine, dopamine, and serotonin: are examples of neurotransmitter molecules |
| neurotransmitter receptor | A neurotransmitter receptor is a membrane receptor protein. A membrane protein interacts with the lipid bilayer that encloses the cell and a membrane receptor protein interacts with a chemical in the cells external environment, which binds to the cell |
| postsynaptic neuron | Chemical synapses are specialized junctions through which neurons signal to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands. Chemical synapses allow neurons to form circuits within the central nervous system |
| presynaptic neuron | Chemical synapses are specialized junctions through which neurons signal to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands. Chemical synapses allow neurons to form circuits within the central nervous system |
| synapse | gaps between a neuron and another neuron, muscle cell, or glandular cell |
| synaptic cleft | the gap between a presynaptic neuron and postsynaptic cell |
| reflex arc | a series of at least three neurons; when stimulated, they produce a predictable response |
| reflexive response | behavior is Perceive-Think-Act -in order to react quickly to dynamic environmental events, responding instantly to external stimuli, a quality often called reflexiveness. the reaction can be performed instantly without having to plan a response |
| autonomic nervous system | branch of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary (automatic) functions of all internal organs and smooth and cardiac muscles; further divided into parasympathetic and sympathetic groups of neurons |
| central nervous system (CNS) | neurons located in the brain and spinal cord; responsible for overall neural control of the various organs and muscles |
| parasympathetic division of PNS | active during times of calm and relaxation; generally slows the body’s activity and speeds up digestion |
| peripheral nervous system (PNS) | neurons and associated structures not located in the CNS; distributed throughout the body; connects the CNS with various organs and muscles |
| sympathetic division of the PNS | active during times of stress or emergency; generally speeds up the activity of the body; slows digestion |
| vagus nerve | large parasympathetic nerve with many branches to most internal organs |
| adrenal cortex | outer part of the adrenal gland located on the top of each kidney |
| adrenal medulla | the inner part of the adrenal gland. The hormones secreted effect the structures in the body that are under the control of the sympathetic nervous system, aiding the body to deal with stressful situations such as fright, attack or pursuit |
| brain stem | the part of the brain that connects the spinal cord with the cerebrum and cerebellum. The brain stem controls basic functions like heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure. |
| cerebellum | located at the lower back part of the brain; it organizes outgoing motor impulses so the motions are coordinated and fluid |
| cerebrum | upper part of the brain that controls sensation, thought processes, and motor control |
| corpus callosum | located between the two halves of the upper brain; connects the two sides of the brain; information moving from one half (hemisphere) to the other is routed through here |
| frontal lobe | Each of the paired lobes of the brain lying immediately behind the forehead, including areas concerned with behavior, learning, personality, and voluntary movement |
| hypothalamus | A region of the forebrain below the thalamus that coordinates both the autonomic nervous system and the activity of the pituitary, controlling body temperature, thirst, hunger, and other homeostatic systems, and involved in sleep and emotional activity |
| inhibitory affect | refers to the inhibitory affect certain hormones have on production of other hormones...i.e. inhibits its production |
| medulla oblongata | the lower portion of the brainstem |
| negative feedback | inhibits further secretion of hormones |
| occipital lobe | The rearmost lobe in each cerebral hemisphere of the brain |
| parietal lobe | Either of the paired lobes of the brain at the top of the head, including areas concerned with the reception and correlation of sensory information |
| pituitary | small gland at the front of the base of the brain; releases hormones that control the endocrine system; including such functions as sexual maturity, the menstrual cycle, metabolic rate, and water concentration in the blood |
| target gland | the brains neuron-endocrine control of the body and how some specific glands are targeted for specific uses or creation of specific hormones |
| temporal lobe | Each of the paired lobes of the brain lying beneath the temples, including areas concerned with the understanding of speech |
| thalamus | upper part of the brain stem that receives and routes all incoming sensory information to the upper brain |
Created by:
marianastrenchluvr
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