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Liz's Genetics Final
studying for my Genetics final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What's an enzymes role? | Control the rate or reactions in a cell by lowering activation energy of a reaction |
| Enzyme is what kind of molecule? | Catalyst |
| How can enzymes be rendered useless? | Competitive and Non Competitive inhibition |
| Protien Folding Errors | Misfolding |
| Ubiquitin- Deffinition | Tags misfolded protiens |
| Transcription | Manufacturing RNA from DNA |
| Translation | Assembly of an amino acid chain according to sequence of base triplets in a molecule of mRNA |
| Neural Tube | A structure in the embryo that develops into the brain and spinal cord. Does not completely develop until day 20. If it doesn't zip all the way, a Neural Tube defect occurs. |
| Teratogens | A substance that causes a birth defect. Ex: Thalidomide, Cigarettes, Alcohol |
| Thalidomide | Alleviate nausea during early pregnancy, a critical period for limb development. BAD |
| Birth Defects | Genetic abnormalities or toxic exposures can affect development in an embryo or fetus. |
| Critical Periods (birth defects) | The time during prenatal development when a structure is sensitive to damage from a mutation or an environmental intervention. |
| DNA Structure | G and A are purines C and T are Pyrimidines |
| Epigenetics | A layer of information placed on a gene that is a modification other than a change in DNA sequence, such as methylation. |
| Penetrance | Percent of individuals with a genotype whohave associated phenotype. |
| Histones | A type of protein in which a DNA entwines. |
| Stem Cells/ Stem Cell Research | Cells that give rise to other stem cells,as well as to cells that differentiate. |
| Polygenics | Traits determined by more than one gene. |
| Oogenesis | Oocyte development. -the female gamete (sex cell) |
| Spermatogenesis | Sperm cell differentiation. |
| Promoter Sequence | A control sequence near the start of a gene. |
| Blastocyst implantation and hCG pregnancy | Blastocyst- a hollow clump of cells descended from a fertilized ovum. |
| Crossing Over | An event during prophase 1 when homologs exchange parts. |
| Independent assortment | The random arrangement of homologous chromosome pairs, in terms of maternal of paternal origin, down the center of a cell in mataphase 1. Inheritance of a gene on one chromosome does not influence inheritance of a gene on a different chromosome. |
| Cancer | A group of disorders resulting from loss of cell cycle control. |
| Consanguinuty | Blood relatives having children together. (incest) |
| Mutations | A change in a protein-encoding gene that affects the phenotype and occurs in less than one percent of a population. |
| Mitochondrial DNA | A single cell can yield hundreds or thousands of copies of the mitochondrial genome. |
| Mutations- misconceptions | -All bad-- freaks of nature -TMNT, AVATAR, X-Men, Spiderman -Extra or missing limbs -Major things |
| Mutations- reality | -Any change in DNA -Most are silent- not in DNA read by the cell OR DNA change does not change protien -Those that change the protien= almost all harmful changes -Very few are benificial or have neutral effects (you will NOT get superpowers) |
| Deletion | A missing sequence of DNA or part of chromosome. THE ONE BIG ___ HAD ONE RED EYE |
| Frameshift | A mutation that alters a gene's reading frame. THE ONE QBI GFL YHA DON ERE DEY |
| Expanding Repeats | A disease or mutations that worsens with each generation because the gene expands. THE ONE BIG FLY HAD ONE RED EYE THE ONE BIG FLY FLY HAD ONE BIG EYE.. |
| Insertion | A mutation that adds DNA bases. THE ONE BIG WET FLY HAD ONE BIG RED EYE. |
| Missense | A single base change mutatioin that alters an amino acid. THQ ONE BIG FLY HAD ONE BIG RED EYE. |
| Nonsense | Apoint mutation that changes an amino acid coding codon into a stop codon, prematurely terminating synthesis of the encoded protien. THE ONE BIG ___ ___ ___ ___ |
| Splice Site | Alters a site where introns are normally removed from the mRNA, ends prematurly. |
| Tanded Duplication | A Duplication DNA sequence next to line original sequence. |
| Duplication | An extra sequence of DNA or part of a chromosome. THE ONE BIG FLY FLY HAD ONE RED EYE. |
| Paracentric Inversion | Does NOT include the centromore. |
| Pericentric Inversion | DOES include the centromere within the loop. |
| Translocation | Different (nonhomologous) chromosomes exchange or combine parts. |
Created by:
LizWants2Rock
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