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BACTERIA & VIRUSES
BIOLOGY: CELLULAR BASIS OF LIFE
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Bacteria? | unicellular microorganisms lacking organelles and an organized nucleus, including some that can cause disease |
| What does bacteria lack? | mitochondria chloroplasts cytoskeleton |
| endospore | protective coat that forms around bacteria in harsh conditions |
| archaebacteria | bacteria that live in harsh conditions |
| eubacteria | bacteria that live in normal environments |
| Benefits of bacteria | food, medicine, nitrogen fixation, decomposers |
| bacteria are __% beneficial, __% pathogenic | 95% beneficial, 5% pathogenic |
| pathogenic | causes disease, secrete toxins |
| Clostridium botulinum | bacteria that effects nervous system/gastrointestinal tract (food poisoning) |
| Vibrio cholera | bacteria that is an intestinal toxin that causes cells to lose water→ diarrhea |
| Mycobacteria tuberculosis | bacteria that target lungs and interfere with lung function |
| Sepsis | systematic bacterial infection- swelling, harmful to body |
| Cyanobacteria | photosynthetic autotrophs |
| 3 shapes of bacteria | sphere (cocci) rod (bacilli) spiral (spirella) |
| 3 ways to produce ATP | Phototrophs: light energy Chemoorganotrophs: oxidize organic molecules Chemolithotrophs: oxidize inorganic molecules |
| Types of Bacteria | Autotrophs: do photosynthesis to produce energy Heterotrophs: get food from outside source (cannot produce own) |
| Nitrogen Fixation | bacteria convert N2 (Nitrate) gas into ammonia |
| Bioremediation | process by which some bacteria clean up sites that have been polluted by organic solvents |
| how much bacteria is in human body? and how many species? | 200 lbs, 400 species |
| obligate anaerobe | require oxygen to survive; carry out cellular respiration |
| facultative anaerobe | usually live without oxygen, but can survive and switch to using oxygen when it is present; carry out fermentation and cellular respiration |
| do bacteria hace a nuclear envelope? | NO |
| Do Bacteria have ribosomes? | yes but different from EUKS |
| Do bacteria have histone proteins? | NO |
| Do Bacteria have flagella? | YES |
| What is speed of bacteria cell division? | FAST!! 20 minutes, high rate of mutation |
| How many RNA Polymerase do bacteria have? | 1 relatively small RNA polymerase |
| Conjugation | sexual bacteria reproduction, process of exchanging genetic material through cell to cell contact |
| 2 Types of Bacteria | gram (+): thick layer of peptidoglycan (PURPLE STAIN), endotoxins Gram (-):thin layer of peptidoglycan (PINK STAIN), exotoxins, has outer phospholipid bilayer |
| peptidoglycan | bacterial cell wall made of 2 monosaccharides connected by 2 tetrapeptide |
| PENECILIN | inhibits transpeptidase (connects tetrapeptide in cell wall)—no new cell wall *causes holes to develop in their cell walls |
| Transmitssion of bacterial diseases and viruses | 1. respiratory (breathing) 2. oral/fecal route 3. cuts/burns 4. sexual |
| Immune responses to pathogens | phagocitosis antibodies cytotoxic cells (killer cells) |
| antibodies | virus coded with antibodies is prevented from binding with the next cell (neutralized) |
| cytotoxic killer cells | cells that come in and kill the toxins that cause apoptosis |
| vaccine | injection of a weakened form of a virus that enables the organism injected to build up immunity first exposure: produce antibodies, cytotoxic killer responses 2nd exposure: quick response |
| c. If there is a mutation- antibodies don’t recognize virus and there is no immunity (pathogen changes) | UH OH!! |
| antibiotics | target cell wall (peptidoglycan) |
| Example of an antibiotic | penicillin: fungal antibiotic that targeted transpeptidase Resistance—targets A site which is where the virus would enter arget nucleic acid production Target enzymes that create RNA and DNA |
| Plasmids | carry drug resistance genes |
| Influenza | Respiratory illness, virus targets upper respiratory tract cells single stranded RNA, enveloped |
| bacterial DNA is | single circular loop |
| viruses different from bacteria because.. | they are not composed of cells |
| How do white blood cells and macrophages destroy invaders? | White blood cells destroy invaders by phagocytosis, triggering inflammation, or secreting chemicals that destroy pathogens. |
| What do cytotoxic T cells do? | Cytotoxic T cells engulf and destroy cancerous cells or cells that are infected with viruses. |
| antibody | -Y-shaped protein that matches a specific antigen. Upon encountering an invader with a matching antigen, the antibody binds to the antigen, makes the antigen more noticeable to macrophages, may inactivate a microbe, or may neutralize its toxins. |
| Why haven’t scientists been able to develop vaccines against HIV and the common cold? | This viruses mutate too frequently for a vaccine to be effective |
| Which immune system cells does HIV attack, and what is the consequence? | HIV attacks helper T cells, causing the body’s immune response to fail. Once too many T cells are lost, the person becomes susceptible to opportunistic illnesses and infections |
| What is a vaccine, and how is a vaccine different from an antibiotic? | A vaccine triggers a primary immune response, antibiotic is a drug that kills bacteria. vaccine does not destroy the pathogen. vaccine triggers the production of memory cells that can quickly respond to a future infection. |
| VIRUSES | d. No ATP production e. No transcription, no translation f. No division g. Not a cell |
| virus made of... | core (DNA or RNA) capsid: protein outside coat of virusn |
| which virus is worse for treating? | enveloped because medication cannot go through as easily---go through envelope then plasma membrane |
| bacteriophage | virus that infects bacteria |
| VIRAL LIFE | Attach Entry Replicate Assembly Release |
| ENTRY INTO CELL:enveloped vs non-enveloped | Enveloped virus: phospholipid bilayer fuses with cell membrane, virus enters cell Non-enveloped: endocytosis |
| Replication of Virus | Replication of genome, capsid proteins and enzymes |
| assembly in... | cytosol |
| How viruses released in enveloped and non-enveloped | Non enveloped cells—lysis: cell bursts and virus particles spill out, kills host cells – causes pathology Enveloped cells: “budding” pushes plasma membrane until it is released; eventually kills host cells |
| Retrovirus | single-stranded RNA for genomic material. phospholipid bilayer envelope use reverse transcriptase to convert its RNA to DNA, which lacks a proofreading step and thus has a relative high error rate |
| Cellular respiration | C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy glucose + oxygen= carbon dioxide, water and energy |
| parts of cellular respiration | glycolysis, pyruvate processing and krebs cycle= electron harvesting |
| Glycolysis | in cytoplasm Energy Investment: 2 ATP used → 2 ADP glucose is phosphorylated X2→ fructose-1,6-bisphosphate Energy Payoff Phase Glucose split→ 2 pyruvate 2 NAD+ is reduced to NADH 4ADP→ 4ATP (Substrate-level phosphorylation—adding phosphate) |
| Phototrophs | Organisms that acquire energy through photosynthesis |
| What are the three general ways to generate ATP from food, and which organisms use each pathway? | Anaerobic respiration: microorganisms; Aerobic respiration |
| The electron transport chain is located on | the inner mitochondrial membrane |
| The Krebs cycle occurs in the | mitochondrial matrix |
| Krebs cycle | mitochondrial matrix |
| electron transport chain | ner mitochondrial membrane |
| ATP synthase dissipates the high concentration of protons in this compartment | Intermembrane compartment |
| Koch's Postulate | microbial organism must be isolated and grown in a pure culture outside of the host organism |
| nitrate is a source of pollution because it.. | readilly dissolves in the environments waters |
| pathogenic bacteria more common... | in respiratory and digestive tracts |
| how does HIV kill the host? | indirectly |
| how do viruses enter the host cell? | viruses must bypass both the cell membrane and the cell wall to enter the cell and replicate |
| HIV uses which protein to gain entry into the cell? | CD4 |
| How HIV infects people | lag period 8-12 months between infection and onset of illness ..but eventually everyone dies of AIDS |
| what are viruses made of? | protein coat and membrane-like protein |
| most common virus | positive sense single stranded RNA viruses |
| Ben decides to bake bread. The recipe says to dissolve yeast in a mixture of sugar and hot water. Shortly after he does so, the mixture begins to bubble. What is happening? How would the outcome change if Ben forgets to add the sugar? | The yeast is using the glucose in the sugar as a fuel for fermentation. One byproduct of alcohol fermentation is CO2 gas, which makes the mixture bubble. Without the sugar there would be no fermentation and no bubbling. |
| How are photosynthesis, glycolysis, and cellular respiration interrelated? | Photosynthesis uses CO2 and H2O to generate glucose and O2; glycolysis splits the glucose and passes the products to the reactions of cellular respiration, which uses the glucose and O2 to generate CO2 and H2O. |
| One day, she runs 2 km as fast as she can. Afterward she is winded and feels pain in her chest and leg muscles. What, in terms of energy metabolism, has she experienced? | When she increased her pace, her muscles depleted the available O2 and used lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP instead. The resulting buildup of lactic acid caused the soreness. |
| The temperatures would be higher in the container that has living seeds. Heat is a byproduct of metabolic activity. | true |
| where is pyruvate converted to acetyl CoA? and where does it enter after this? | cytoplasm and then enters the mitochonrial matrix |
Created by:
mswiatek
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