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MD 8 Mendelian Genet
Information from Module 8 on Mendelian Genetics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| True Breeding | If an organism has a certain characteristic that it always passed on to its offspring, the organim bred true with respect to that characteristic |
| Allele | One of a pair of genes that occupies the same position on homologous chromosomes |
| Genotype | Two-letter set that represents the alleles an organism possesses for a certain trait |
| Phenotype | The observable expression of an organism's genes |
| Homozygous Genotype | Genotype in which both alleles are identical |
| Heterozygous Genotype | Genotype in with 2 different alleles |
| Dominant Allele | Allele that will determine phenotype if just one is present in the genotype |
| Recessive Allele | Allele that will not determine the pheotype unless the genotype is homozygous in that allele |
| Pedigree | Diagram that follows a particular phenotype through several generations |
| Monohybrid Cross | Cross between 2 individuals, concentrating on noly 1 definable trait |
| Dihybrid Cross | Cross between 2 individuals, concentrating on 2 definable traits |
| Autosomes | Chromomes that do not determine the sex of an individual |
| Sex chromosomes | Chromosomes that determine the sex of an animal |
| Antigen | A protein that, when introdueced into the blood, triggers the production of an antibody |
| Autosomal Inheritance | Inheritance of a genetic trait not on a sex chromosome |
| Genetic Disease Carrier | A person who is heterozygous in a recessive genetic disorder |
| Sex-Linked Inheritance | Inheritance of a genetic trait located on the sex chromosomes |
| Mutation | A radical chemical change on one or more alleles |
| Change in Chromosome Structure | A situation in which a chromosome loses or gains genes during meiosis |
| Change in Chromosome Number | A situation in which abnormal cellular events in meiois lead to either none or more than one of a particular chromosome in the gamete |
| About Gregor mendel | Peasant from Austria, father (farmer) taught animal breeding and grafting, monk at St. Thomas, Johann Christian Doppler taught the proper way to experiment |
| Mendel's political controversy | To tax monasteries was attack on relitious freedom |
| Mendel's title | Father of Modern Genetics |
| What is self-pollination? | A plant sexually reproducing with itself |
| Mendel's First (Restated) Principle | 1. The traits of an organism are determined by its genes. |
| Mendel's Second (Restated) Principle | 2. Each organism has 2 alleles that make up the genotype for a trait. |
| Mendel's Third (Restated) Principle | 3. In sexual reproduction, each parent contributes only one of its alleles to its offspring. |
| Mendel's Fourth (Restated) Principle | In each genotype, there is a dominant allele. If it exists in an organism, the phenotype is determined by that allele. |
| What is polygenetic inheritance? | Causing traits through interaction of several genes |
| Example of polygenetic inheritance | Eye color |
| What is incomplete dominance? | There is no dominant allele for a trait |
| Example of incomplete dominance | Pink (red+white) snapdragons |
| What is epistasis? | One set of alleles affecting another how another set is expressed |
| Example of epistasis | Mice's coat color (brown, black, or white) |
| What is pleiotrophy? | A single gene affecting muliple observable traits (multiple phenotypes) |
| Example of pleiotrophy | Sickle cell anemia (causes animea, pneumonia, heart failure, etc) |
| What are multiple alleles for a gene | More than two possibilities for a gene |
| Example of multiple alleles | Blood type (A, B, AB, or O) |
| What is codominance (and example) | When niether allele is dominant over each other--genotype AB |
| About the Rh factor | "Rhesus monkey", whether the Rh antigen exists on the red blood cells, negative or positive |
| Example of Autosomal inheritance | Lactose intolerance |
| Describe Huntington's disorder | Disease that involves degrading of the nervous system around the age of forty and premature death |
| Example of sex-linked inheritance | Hemophilia (disease that inhibits the blood's ability to form clots) |
| Example of mutation | Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (causes rapid child aging) |
| Example of change in chromosome structure | Cri-du-chat or "cat's cry disease" -- mentally retarded and abnormal larynx |
| Example of change in chromome number | Down's syndrome (has 3 of chromosome 21; mentally retarded and slow development) |
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Safire25509
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