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AP Bio- Midterm 2012
100 words chosen at random for midterm review in Mr. Carter's AP Bio Class
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| active site | the binding site of an enzyme |
| active transport | cellular transport that requires energy |
| adaptive radiation | divergence of species across several different ecosystems |
| allopatric speciation | a speciation event due to a geologic barrier |
| amino acid | the monomer of a protein |
| anabolic reaction | use energy to construct components of cells |
| analogous structure | similar structures in two organisms that do not share a common ancestor |
| artificial selection | intentional breeding for certain traits |
| binary fission | subdivision of a cell into two or more separate cells (prokaryotes) |
| bottleneck effect | population size sharply decreases to a small percentage of the original |
| carbohydrate | organic compound that serves as quick energy sources |
| catabolic reaction | releases energy by breaking down cellular components |
| cell plate | forms during cytokinesis in plants |
| cell wall | tough outer layer on plants, bacteria, and fungi |
| centriole | organelle made of microtubules that create the mitotic spindle |
| centromere | part of the chromosome that links sister chromatids |
| chloroplast | organelle responsible for photosynthesis |
| cholesterol | keeps cell membranes fluid, acts as a temperature buffer |
| cladogram | a diagram that shows evolutionary relationships between organisms but not how they are related to ancestors |
| cleavage furrow | beginning structure of cytokinesis in animal cells |
| allosteric inhibition | a molecule binds to a portion of the enzyme other than the active site changing the shape of the active site and preventing its function |
| cofactor | non-protein molecules that aid in the function of enzymes such as vitamins and minerals |
| competitive inhibitor | a molecule that blocks the active site of an enzyme preventing its function |
| concentration gradient | the difference in concentration of two separated regions |
| conjugation | sex pilli form and transfer plasmids between prokaryotes, "bacterial sex" |
| convergent evolution | organisms evolve structures that have similar (analogous) structures or functions in spite of their evolutionary ancestors being very different |
| cooperativity | substance binds to substrate triggering a stabilization of the active conformation in all subunits of an enzyme |
| covalent bond | sharing of electrons between two or more atoms |
| crossing over | exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes that results in recombinant chromosomes |
| cytoskeleton | cellular scaffolding contained within a cell's cytoplasm, ex. microtubules |
| diffusion | passive transport of molecules from a high to a low concentration |
| directional selection | form of selection that favors one extreme phenotype |
| disruptive selection | form of selection that favors both extreme phenotypes |
| divergent evolution | organisms evolve new traits causing them to phenotypically diverge from a common ancestor |
| Gibbs Free Energy | a measurement of the amount of available energy that a system has to perform work |
| DNA methylation | silencing of genes through the addition of a methyl group to DNA |
| endergonic reaction | a reaction that stores energy, change in G > 0 |
| reaction coupling | linking exergonic processes to endergonic processes in order for one to power the other |
| enthalpy | the energy stored in a system |
| entropy | the amount of disorder in a system |
| exergonic reaction | a reaction that releases energy, change in G < 0 |
| extracellular matrix | the extracellular part of animal tissue that usually provides structural support to the animal cells in addition to performing various other important functions |
| facilitated diffusion | diffusion that uses protein channels, glucose & water |
| fatty acid | along with glycerol this molecule make up the monomer of a lipid |
| feedback inhibition | A cellular control mechanism in which an enzyme that catalyzes the production of a particular substance in the cell is inhibited when that substance has accumulated to a certain level, thereby balancing the amount provided with the amount needed. |
| G proteins | a family of proteins involved in transmitting chemical signals originating from outside a cell into the inside of the cells powered by GTP |
| gap junctions | a direct connection between the cytoplasm of two cells |
| gene flow | he transfer of alleles or genes from one population to another |
| genotype | the genetic makeup of a cell |
| glycolipid | lipids with a carbohydrate attached that provide energy and serve as markers for cellular recognition |
| golgi apparatus | packages proteins inside the cell before they are sent to their destination |
| hardy weinberg equilibrium | situation in which a population is not evolving |
| heterozygous | having both a dominant and a recessive allele for a trait |
| homeostasis | the property of a system that regulates its internal environment and tends to maintain a stable, relatively constant condition of properties such as temperature |
| homologous structures | similar structures in two organisms due to a shared common ancestor |
| homozygous | having two of the same form of an allele |
| hormone | a chemical released by a cell or a gland in one part of the body that sends out messages that affect cells in other distant parts |
| hypertonic | a solution that has a higher concentration of solutes than the inside of a cell |
| hypotonic | a solution that has a lower concentration of solutes than the inside of a cell |
| independent assortment | allele pairs separate independently during the formation of gametes |
| ionic bond | a bond with very unequal sharing of electrons, salts |
| isotonic | where two solutions have the same concentration of solutes |
| kinetochore | the protein structure on chromatids where the spindle fibers attach during cell division to pull sister chromatids apart |
| lysosome | organelle with digestive enzymes, "cellular stomach" |
| meiosis | the production of gametes |
| metabolism | sum of all energy reactions in an organism |
| mitochondria | cellular organelle that is responsible for cellular respiration |
| mitosis | results in the production of two identical daughter cells |
| zygote | the initial cell formed by the joining of two gametes as part of sexual reproduction |
| nondisjunction | failure of chromosomes to seperate in meiosis that results in gametes > or < n |
| nucleolus | organelle in the nucleus that makes rRNA |
| organelle | a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function, and is usually separately enclosed within its own lipid bilayer |
| osmosis | diffusion of water |
| paracrine signaling | a form of cell signaling in which the target cell is near the signal-releasing cell. |
| passive transport | transport of cellular components without the usage of energy |
| peptide bond | the bond that hold the amino acids of proteins together |
| phagocytosis | the cellular process of engulfing solid particles by the cell membrane |
| phenotype | the physical expression of a trait |
| phylogeny | the history of organismal lineages as they change through time |
| pinocytosis | a form of endocytosis that takes in fluids and dissolved solutes, "cellular drinking" |
| plasmodesmata | open channels between plant cells that allow for cell to cell communication |
| polyploidy | organisms has more than two paired sets of chromosomes |
| catalyst | a chemical agent that speeds up the rate of reaction without being consumed |
| protobionts | systems that are considered to have possibly been the precursors to prokaryotic cells, ex. coacervates |
| ribosome | organelle structure that makes proteins |
| rough endoplasmic reticulum | organelle involved in the synthesis of proteins and is also a membrane factory for the cell |
| endosymbiosis | in which one organism lives inside the other, the two typically behaving as a single organism |
| sexual selection | non-random mating, inter & intra |
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum | organelle responsible for lipid synthesis and drug detoxification |
| stabilizing selection | selection that favors the intermediate phenotypes |
| steroid | a type of organic compound that contains a characteristic arrangement of four rings that are joined to each other |
| substrate | a molecule upon which an enzyme acts |
| sympatric speciation | the process through which new species evolve from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographic region |
| synapsis | the pairing of two homologous chromosomes that occurs during meiosis |
| synaptic signaling | form of paracrine signaling used by the neurons |
| telomere | the end caps of a chromosome that protect it from degredation |
| transduction | viruses pass foreign bacterial DNA to their hosts |
| transformation | foreign DNA is absorbed by a prokaryote |
| vestigial structure | structures that appear to no longer serve a purpose in an organism but that played a role in its ancestors |
| gene drift | change in allele frequencies due to random chance |
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