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GC Chapter 18
Endocrine System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| This system regulates function with chemical messengers to manage functions long term | Endocrine System |
| Specific cells that contain receptors for specific hormones | target cells |
| chemical messengers that are released into in one tissue and transported in the blood to alter activities of specific tissues | hormones |
| hormones that are small molecules that are structurally related to amino acids | Amino acid derivitives, like t4 and catecholamines like epinephrine, melatonin |
| chains of amino acids that begin as prohormones until they are secreted | Peptide hormones, glycoproteins such as TSH, LH, FSH and short polypeptides like ADH, OXT, GH, PRL |
| steroid and eicosanoids | Lipid derivitives, such as Leukotrienes, prostaglandins, androgens, corticosteroids, calitriol |
| Hormones that circulate freely | Free hormones |
| Hormones that circulate with use of transport proteins | Bound hormones, like thyroid and steroid hormones |
| a hormone bound to a cell | first messenger |
| acts as an enzyme activator, inhibitor or coenzyme | second messenger |
| C amp, G amp and ca ions | second messengers |
| when binding of hormone to membrane receptor causes thousands of second messengers inside the cell | Amplification |
| process by which there are decreased number of hormone receptors when levels are high, and decrease sensitivity of receptors | Down regulation |
| absence of a hormone increases the amount of receptors along with increasing sensitivity | Up regulation |
| hypothalamic hormone release is controlled by this mechanism | negative feedback |
| This reflex regulates hormone secretion by the heart pancreas parathyroid gland, and digestive tract | Simple endocrine reflexes |
| this reflex utilizes 2+ hormones and more intermediary steps | Complex endocrine relex |
| adenohypophysis | anterior pituitary |
| neurohypophysis | posterior pituitary |
| portion of the hypophyseal portal system where hypothalamic neurons release regulatory factors into interstitual fluid | median eminence |
| function of the hypophyseal portal system | to ensure regulatory factors reach intended target cells before entering general circulation |
| hypothalamic regulatory hormone that stimulate synthesis of and secretion of one or more hormones of the adenohypophysis | Releasing hormones |
| hypothalamic regulatory hormone that prevent synthesis of and secretion of hormones of the adenohypophysis | Inhibiting hormones |
| Hormones made in the hypothalamus but secreted by the pituitary gland | oxytocin, ADH |
| Hormones secreted by the hypothalamus to influence the pituitary | Releasing hormones |
| Hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary following secretion of releasing hormone | TSH ACTH, LH, FSH |
| Effect of thyroid hormones that causes the cell to consume more energy causing heat generation | Calorigenic effect |
| Thyroid hormones are bound in blood by globulins for this purpose | creating reserves |
| secreted by C cells in the thyroid to lower ca in blood | calcitonin |
| Role of PTH | antagonist for calcitonin |
| function of this is to store lipids, like cholesterol and fatty acids, make corticosteroids | adrenal cortex |
| Secretion of Aldosterone in Glomerulosa is stimulated by | drop in BP and Blood Volume |
| Secretion of glucocorticoids in the Fasciculata is regulated by | negative feedback, inhibiting ACTH and CRH |
| Secretion of Androgens in Reticularis is stimulated by | ACTH |
| exocrine portions of the pancreas secrete | digestive enzymes and buffers |
| Alpha cells of the isle of langerhans secrete | Glucagon |
| Beta cells of the isle of langerhans secrete | insulin |
| when glucose appears in the urine, increasing urine volume in DM | polyuria |
| secreted by the kidneys, increases absorbtion of ca and phosphorus in the digestive tract | Calcitriol |
| secreted by the kidney, used to turn angiotensin I into angiotensin II to increase BP | Renin |
| secreted by the kidneys, increases production of RBCs in bones, useful during hypoxia | erythropoeitin |
| secreted by nurse cells in the testes to support differentiation and maturation of sperm cells | inhibin |
| after ovulation formation of corpus luteum cause release of | estrogen progestins from the follicles |
| PTH and calcitonin have this effect | antagonist |
| GH and glucocorticoids have this effect | synergistic |
| estradiol and progesterone have this effect | permissive, estradiol makes progesterone |
| GNRH pulse generator, estradiol and progesterone feedback have this effect | ingegrative, to allow ovulatory cycle |
| Fight or flight phase of GAS | Alarm phase |
| phase of GAS in which metabolism is upticked, water and electrolytes are conserved, mobilization of energy reserves | Resistance phase |
| phase of GAS in which systems fail, results in starvation | Exhaustion phase |
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