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Nu115-Pharmacology
Pharmacologic Principles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Drug: Definition | Any chemical that affects the processes of living organisms; an be used in the dx, treatment, cure, relief or prevention of disease; Pro Drug-inactive chemical converted by the body to an active drug. |
| Drug Standards: Purity | Drug vs inert ingredients |
| Drug Standards: Potency | Concentration of active drug (strength) |
| Drug Standards: Bioavailability | Absorption efficiency; bioequivalent |
| Drug Standards: Efficacy | Effectiveness |
| Drug Standards | Safety |
| Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention & Control Act of 1970 | Regulated distribution of narcotics and drugs; classified according to abuse potential Ex: Schedule 1: highest; schedule 5: lowest |
| Chemical Name | The drug's chemical composition and molecular structure |
| Generic Name | Name given by the US Adopted Name Council |
| Trade Name | The drug has a registered trademark; use of the name restricted by the drug's owner. |
| Two types of drug classifications | Therapeutic and Pharmacologic |
| Therapeutic Class | What is being treated; according to similarities in: effect on the body, symptom relieved, desired effect, body system |
| Pharmacologic Class | How the drug acts; according to chemical similarities; has similar actions, nursing considerations, side effects |
| Prototype Drug | A drug in a class to which all other drugs are compared. By learning this drug's actions, side effects, nursing considerations, etc., other drugs in this class may be predicted. |
| Combination Drug | Drugs with more than one active ingredient Ex: Cozaar |
| Pharmacodynamics | Study of what the drug does to the body |
| Pharmokinetics | The study of what the body does to the drug Ex: Absorption, distribution, biotransformation, excretion |
| Absorption | Rate at which a drug leaves its site of administration and the extent to which absorption occurs. |
| Factors that affect absorption | Route of drug, ability to dissolve, pH of drug, drug concentration, food or fluids administered with the drug, status of GI motility. |
| First-Pass Effect | The metabolism of a drug and its passage from the liver in the circulation. |
| Routes that bypass the liver | Sublingual, buccal, rectal, intravenous, intranasal, transdermal, vaginal, intramuscular, subQ, inhalation. |
| Distribution | The transport of a drug in the body by the bloodstream to its site of action. |
| Factors affecting distribution | Body size, circulation, protein-binding & tissue-binding, water soluble vs fat soluble, blood brain barrier & placenta barrier, areas of slow distribution (muscle, skin, fat). |
| Biotransformation | The biologic transformation of a drug into an inactive metabolite, a more soluble compound, or a more potent metabolite. Ex: Liver, kidneys, lungs, plasma, intestinal mucosa. |
| Liver Enzyme Inducers | Drugs that can cause a decrease in therapeutic level of other drugs |
| Liver Enzyme Inhibitors | Drugs that can cause an increase in therapeutic level of other drugs. |
| Delayed drug metabolism results in: | accumulation of drugs; prolonged action of the effects of the drugs. |
| Stimulation drug metabolism causes: | Diminished pharmacologic effects |
| Therapeutic Index | The ratio between a drug's therapeutic benefits and its toxic effects |
| Undesirable responses to drug therapy | Idiosyncratic, hypersensitivity reactions, drug interactions |
| Drug Dose Responses | Onset; duration of action; peak; therapeutic level/plateau |
| Onset | The time it takes for the drug to elicit a therapeutic response |
| Peak | The time it takes for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response |
| Duration of Action | The time a drug concentration is sufficient to elicit a therapeutic response |
| Therapeutic Level/Plateau | Desired concentration after repeated fixed doses |
| Elimination Half-Life | Time it takes for 1/2 of the original amount of a drug in the body to be removed; a measure of the rate at which drugs are removed from the body. |
| Distribution Half-Life | Time required for blood levels to drop by 1/2 because of migration into tissues. |
| Steady State | Drug In=Drug Out |
| Cumulation | Rise in blood levels because drug elimination fails to math rate of absorption. |
| Developmental Considerations: Infants | Immature liver/kidneys; less total body fat; lower drug dosages; longer drug intervals. |
| Developmental Considerations: Children | Dosages calculated individually; lower dosages. |
| Developmental Considerations: Elderly | Decreased kidney function; decreased GI function; decreased plasma proteins; increased ratio of body fat to lean muscle; polypharmacy. |
Created by:
nglidden
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