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jen biology ch.8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| energy | the ability to do work |
| thermodynamics | the study of the flow and transformation of energy in the universe |
| autotrophs | supplying ones own food |
| chemoautotrophs | an autotroph that uses inorganic substances like hydrogen sulfide as a source of energy |
| photoautotrophs | an autotroph (such as a plant) that converts light from the Sun into chemical energy |
| heterotrophs | organishms that need to ingest food to obtain energy |
| metabolism | all of the chemical reactions in a cell |
| metabolic pathway | series of chemical reactions in which the product of one reaction is the substrate for the next reaction |
| photosynthesis | anabolic pathway in which light energy from the Sun is converted to chemical energy for use by the cell |
| cellular respiration | catabolic pathway in which organic molecules are broken down to release energy for use by the cell |
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | the most important biological molecule that provides chemical energy |
| thylakoids | flattened saclike membranes that are arranged in stacks |
| grana | stacks of thylakoids |
| stroma | fluid-filled space outside the grana |
| pigments | light-absorbing coloredmolecules found in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts |
| NADP | molecules that transport electrons during photosynthsis |
| Calvin cycle | second phase of photosynthesis in which the energy is stored in organic molecules such as glucose |
| rubisco | an enzyme that converts the remaining ten G3{ molecules into 5-carbon molecules called ribulose during the final step of the Calvin cycle |
| glycosis | first state of cellular respiration |
| Does the anaerobic process require oxygen? | no |
| aerobic respiration | includes the Krebs cycle and electron transport |
| Is glycosis anaerobic or aerobic? | anaerobic--it doesn't require oxygen |
| Does the aerobic process require oxygen? | yes |
| Krebs cycle | series of reactions in which pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide |
| electron transport | final step in the breakdow of glucose when most of the ATP is produced |
| fermentation | occurs in they cytoplasm and regenerates the cell's supply of NAD while producing a small amount of ATP |
| What is alcohol fermentation? | pyruvate is converted to ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide |
| Where does alcohol fermentation occur? | yeast and some bacteria |
| What are two processes that cells use to obtain energy | photosynthesis and cellular respiration |
| photosynthesis and cellular respiration are examples of what? | pathways that produce and break down simple carbohydrates |
| How are cellular respiration and photosynthesis related? | They form a cycle in which the products of one metabolic pathway form the reactants of the othermetabolic pathway |
| What do all living organisms use to carry out all biological processes | energy |
| How do cells store and release energy? | coupled anabolic and catabolic reactions |
| What drives cellular activities? | energy released from the breakdown of ATP |
| What happens during photosynthesis? | Light energy is trapped and converted in to chemical energy |
| What do plants use to convert light energy into chemical energy? | cholorplasts with light-absorbin pigments |
| What is photosynthesis? | two-phase process that consists of light reactions and the Calvin cycle |
| What happens in light reactions? | Autotrophs trap and vonvert light energy into chemical energy in the form on NADPH and ATP |
| What happens in the Calvin cycle? | chemical energy in ATP and NADPH is used to synthesize carbobydrates such as glucose |
| How do living organism obtain energy? | by breaking down organic molecules during cellular respiration |
| What do many living organisms use cellular respiration for? | To break down glucose |
| What are the 3 stages of cellular respiration? | 1. glycolysis 2. Krebs cycle 3. electron transport |
| What are NADH and FADH2? | Important electron carriers for cellular respiration |
| In the absense of oxygen, how do cells susbain glycolysis? | fermentation |
Created by:
jennamcarthur
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