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Digestive System
parts, where different macro-molecules are digested, ruminants
| What are the four steps of food processing called? | 1) Ingestion 2) Digestion 3) Absorption 4) Elimination |
| Heterotroph | incapable of making their own food, must feed on other organisms in order to survive |
| What are macromolecules? | Carbs, Lipids, Protiens, Nucleic Acids |
| True/False? Animals are organized based on the type of food they eat. | True. There are three types. 1) Herbivores - eat plants 2) Carnivores - eat other animals 3) Omnivores - eat plants and animals |
| What are the four steps of food processing called? | 1) Ingestion 2) Digestion 3) Absorption 4) Elimination |
| Heterotroph | incapable of making their own food, must feed on other organisms in order to survive |
| What are macromolecules? | Carbs, Lipids, Protiens, Nucleic Acids |
| True/False? Animals are organized based on the type of food they eat. | True. There are three types. 1) Herbivores - eat plants 2) Carnivores - eat other animals 3) Omnivores - eat plants and animals |
| Where do the four steps of food processing occur? | Digestive tract, also referred to as the alimentary canal and gastrointestinal tract (GI tract). |
| A substance that an organism needs to remain alive: | Nutrient |
| Any material that contains nutrients | Food |
| Do lipids or carbs provide more energy? | Lipids because they contain more C-H bonds. |
| Taking in food | Ingestion |
| Breakdown of food into smaller pieces | Digestion |
| Uptake of nutrients | Absorbtion |
| Disposal of wastes | Elimination |
| How does ingestion occur? Where does it occur? | Act of eating; in the mouth (oral cavity) |
| Where does digestion occur? | In the mouth with the tearing and crushing |
| Teeth and tongue help physically break apart food. Chewing reduces size of food. | Mechanical Digestion |
| Using enzymes to break up food. Saliva (Amylase) digests carbohydrates. | Chemical Digestion |
| True/False? Amylase breaks down fats. | False. Amylase breaks down the starches in our diet into simpler sugars like maltose, which are fully digested further down in the intestines. |
| What is the purpose of saliva in the mouth? | i) The Amylase (an enzyme) in saliva help break down starch ii) acts as a lubricant to help food move along the digestive pathway |
| the resulting ball of food in the mouth made by the actions of the teeth, tongue, and saliva | Bolus |
| Organic compounds that are vital for health but are required only in small amounts | Vitamins |
| Electrolytes | Inorganic irons that influence osmotic balance and are required for normal membrane function. |
| Examples of electrolytes | Sodium (NA+), Potassium (K+), and chloride (Cl-) |
| Some important vitamins required by humans | Vitamin B1 (thiamine), Vitamin B12, Niacin, Folate, Vitamin C, Vitamin D |
| Suspension Feeders | capture food particles from the water which travel in close proximity, by using (stinging) tentacles. |
| Deposit Feeders | aquatic animal that feeds on small specks of organic matter that have drifted down through the water and settled on the bottom. |
| Fluid Feeder | Animals such as aphids, ticks, and mosquitoes that pierce the body of a host plant or animal and obtain food from ingesting its fiuids. |
| Mass feeders | organisms that use mouthparts such as jaws, teeth, beaks to cut or kill their prey |
| What kind of feeder are a majority of the animals classified as? | Mass Feeders |
| Incomplete digestive tract | tracts have a single opening through which food is ingested and wastes are eliminated. |
| Complete Digestive Tract | have two openings—they start at the mouth and end at the anus. |
| Where does protein digestion begin? | Stomach |
| Where is the processing of the three major macromolecules completed? | Small intestine |
| What enzyme breaks down protein? | Pepsin |
| Which enzyme begins the digestion of lipids? | Lipase |
| Salvary glands release _______ and glycoprotiens called mucins. | water |
| When mucins contact water they create ________. | mucus which in the combination of water makes food slippery enough to be swallowed |
| Tube that connects the mouth to the stomach is called the _________ | esophagus |
| Peristalsis | wave of muscular contractions that propels food down the esophagus stimulated by the act of swallowing |
| Stomach | tough, muscular pouch in the digestive tract bracketed on both ends by ringlike muscles called sphincters |
| Sphincters | a muscular valve that can close off a tube, as in a blood vessel or a part of the digestive tract |
| Stomach main function: | i) churning that mixes the contents and reduces food to a uniform consistency and solute concentration ii) partial digestion of protiens |
| What is the predominant acid in the stomach | HCl, hydrochlorid acid |
| Pepsinogen | converted to pepsin by contact to the acidic environment of the stomach |
| What kind of cells secrete pepsinogen? | Chief cells |
| What kind of cells secrete HCl (hydrocholoric acid) | parietal cells |
| Cells that secrete mucous into the stomach | Mucous cells |
| Purpose of mucous | Protects the stomach from HCl |
| carbonic anhydrase | catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid from CO2 and water. |
| Ulcer | an infectious disease. a hole in the epithelium that damages the underlying basement membrane and tissues |
| Ruminants | group of hoofed mammals(cattle,sheep,deer) that have a four-chambered stomach specialized for digestion of plant cellulose. ruminants regurgitate the cud,a mixture of partially digested food& cellulose-digesting bacteria,from the rumen for further chewing |
| Symbiosis | members of two different species live in close physical contact with each other |
| What are the four divisions of the ruminant stomach? | the rumen, the reticulum, the omasum, and the abomasum. |
| Food first enters the largest chamber, the ______, which serves as a fermentation vat. | rumen |
| The rumen is packed with __________ bacteria and ______, which can break down cellulose | symbiotic bacteria and protists |
| What chamber is water removed in the ruminant mammal? | omasum |
| processed food that leaves the rumen enters the ___________ | omasum |
| "true stomach" that secretes enzymes | abomasum |
| small intestine | long tube that is folded into a compact space between the stomach and the large intestine |
| in the small intestine ... | partially digested food mixes with the secretions from the pancreas and the liver and begins to move through the tube |
| When passage through the small intestine is complete digestion is finished and most nutrients along with large quantities of ________ have been absorbed | water |
| How does the small intestine increase its surface area? | It has villi , small fingerlike projections of the lining of the small intestine, which are connected to microvilli |
| Why do we have villi that increase the surface area of the small intestine? | to increase the surface area available for absorption of nutrients |
| What organs make up the digestive tract? | the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine—also called the colon—rectum, and anus. |
| ________ are specialized lymph capillaries that occur in the fingerlike projections (villi) that extend into the small intestine. | Lacteals |
| How does the acidic environment of the stomach denature proteins? | destroying their secondary and tertiary structures |
| Where is digestion completed? | small intestine |
| Enzyme in the small intestine that digest polypeptides to monomers | proteases |
| enzymes that function by breaking proteins into smaller peptides, defined as two or more amino acids linked together. | proteases |
| where are proteses synthesized? | inactive form in the pancreas |
| pancreas | a large gland in vertebres that has both exocrine and endocrine functions.secreted digestive enzymes into a duct connected to the intestine and several hormones into the bloodstream |
| enzyme that triggers the activation of other protein-digesting enzymes like chymotrypsin,elastase, and carboxypeptidasis | trypsin |
| _________________ triggers the activation of trypsinogen to trypsin | enterokinase |
| a chemical messenger that influences physiological processes at very low concentrations | hormone |
| molecule produced by the small intestine in response to the arrival of food in the stomach | secretin |
| what is secretin's primary function? | induce a flow of bicarbonate ions from the pancreas to the small intestine, which neutralizes the acid arriving from the stomach |
| a peptide hormone secreted by cells in the lining of the small intestine, ______________ stimulates the secretion of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and of bile from the liver and gallbladder | cholecystokinin |
| a hormone produced by cells in the stomach lining in response to the arrival of food or to a neural signal from the brain. stimulates other stomach cells to release hydrocholoric acid | gastrin |
| any enzyme that can break down RNA or DNA molecules | nuclease |
| ________________ amylase continues the digestion of carbohydrates that begins in the mouth | pancreatic |
| Glucose absorption step 1 and 2 | 1)Sodium potassium pumps in the basolateral membrane of the epithelial cells creates an electrochemical gradient that favors the entry of NA+ 2) Glucose enters the cell along with sodium via the cotransporter. |
| glucose absorbtion step 3 | 3) Glucose diffuses into nearby blood vessels through a glucose carrier in the basolateral membrane. |
| breaks certain bonds present in complex fats and results in the release of fatty acids and other small lipids. | pancreatic lipase |
| emulsification | process that breaks down large fat globules |
| a large complex organ of vertebres that performs many functions including storage of glycogen, processing and conversion of food and wastes, and production of bile | liver |
| a small pouch that stores bile from the liver and releases it as needed into the small intestine during the digestion of fats | gallbladder |
| where is bile stored? | in the gallbladder |
| Where does the absorption of nutrients begin? | small intestine |
| The ________is an outpocketing of the digestive tract located at the start of the large intestine. | cecum |
| What is the function of the cecum in humans? | defense against invading bacteria and viruses |
| what is the cecum called in humans? | appendix |
| what is the cecum used for in rabbits? | fermentation chamber for processing cellulose |
| coprophagy | the eating of feces |
| what is the primary function of the large intestine? | compact the wastes that remain and absorb enough water to form deces |
| distal portion of the digestive tract consisting of the cecum, colon, and rectum | large intestine |
| the main section of the large intestine: | colon |
| feces are held in the: | rectum |
| aquaporins | water channels in plasma membranes that provides a mechanism for increasing the rate of water movement via osmosis |
| What happens when digestion is complete? | amino acids, fatty acids, ions, and sugars enter the bloodstream and are delivered to the cells that need them. |
| What molecule is responsible for controlling diabetes? | insulin |
| _____________ is a hormone that is produced in the pancreas when blood-glucose levels are high | insulin |
| hormone produced by the pancreas in response to low blood glucose | glucagon |
| Due to diabetes, what happens to urine production? | It is increased. |
Created by:
michelleshey
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