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Biology
WCHS Biology Chapter 18
| Word | Definition |
|---|---|
| Virus | diseasing-causing, nonliving particles composed of an inner core of nucleic acids surrounded by a capsid; replicate inside living cells called host cells |
| Host Cell | living cell in which a virus replicates |
| Bacteriophage | also called phages, viruses that infect and destroy bacteria |
| Capsid | outer coat of proteins that surround a virsuses inner core of nucleic acid; arrangement of capsid proteins determines the viruses shape |
| Lytic Cycle | viral replication cycle in which a virus takes over a host cell's structures and energy to replicate until the host cell bursts, killing it |
| Provirus | viral DNA that is integrated into a host cell's chromosome and replicated each time the host cell replicates |
| Retrovirus | type of viral replication where a virus uses transcriptase to make DNA from viral RNA; the retroviral DNA is then integrated into the host cell's chromosome |
| Reverse Transcriptase | ezyme carried in the capsid of a retrovirus that helps produce viral DNA from viral RNA |
| Prion | a virus-like infectious agent composed of only protein, with no genetic material |
| Viroid | a virus-like infectious agent that is composed of only a single, circular strand of RNA |
| Chemosynthesis | autotrophic process where organisms obtain energy from the breakdown of inorganic compounds containing sulfur and nitrogen |
| Binary Fission | asexual reproductive process in which one cell divides into two seperate genetically identical cells |
| Conjugation | form of sexual reproduction in some bacteria where one bacterium transfers all or part of its genetic material to another through a bridgelike structure called a pilus |
| Obligate Aerobe | bacteria that requires oxygen for cellular respiration |
| Obligate Anaerobe | bacteria that are killed by oxygen and can survive only in oxygen-free environments |
| Endospore | structure formed by bacteria during unfavorable conditions that contains DNA and a small amount of cytoplasm encased by a protective outer covering; germinates during favorable conditions |
| Toxin | posion produced by a bacterium |
| Nitrogen Fixation | metabolic process in which bacteria use enzymes to convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia |
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