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biology02
biology vocabulary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cell membrane | separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment |
| ribosomes | makes proteins |
| cytoplasm | the gel-like substance residing within the cell membrane holding all the cell's internal sub-structures |
| nucleus | a membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells |
| mitochondria | turns food into chemical energy(ATP) at the site of cellular respiration. |
| chloroplast | uses sunlight to make food at the site of photosynthesis. |
| golgi body | packages and sends proteins out of the cell. |
| lysosme | contain digestive enzymes, are sometimes called suicide sacs |
| vacuole | storage sacs, food, water, chemicals or waste |
| cell wall | gives support to plant cells |
| cilia and flagella | mirotubular protein strands used for movement |
| vesicle | membrane bound sacs that transport materials between organelles |
| centriole | organizes spindle fibers in animal cells during cell division |
| cytoskeleton | a network of constantly changing proteins that supports and shapes the cell |
| animal cell | eukaryotic, only one cell membrane, only one mitochondria, only can do cellular respiration, have many small vaculoes |
| plant cell | eukaryotic, have a cell membrane and cell wall, have mitochondria and chloroplast, can do cellular respiration and photosynthesis, has one large vacuole |
| sex cell | unique organisms that reproduce sexually |
| gamete | also unique organisms that reproduce sexually |
| haploid | sex cells |
| autosome | the 22 types of chromosomes in humans that contain genes that don't determine gender |
| sex chromosomes | are chromosomes that directly control the gender of the offspring |
| meiosis | special type of cell division necessary for sexual reproduction in eukaryotes |
| mitosis | the division of nuclear material |
| chlorophyll | a pigment in chloroplast |
| diffusion | Diffusion is one of several transport phenomena that occur in nature. |
| facilitated diffusion | Facilitated diffusion (also known as facilitated transport or passive-mediated is a process of passive transport, with this passive transport aided by integral membrane proteins. |
| active transport | Active transport is the movement of a substance across a cell membrane against its concentration gradient |
| endosymbiosis | a type of symbiosis in which one organism lives inside the other, the two typically behaving as a single organism. |
| phospholipid | Phospholipids are a class of lipids that are a major component of all cell membranes as they can form lipid bilayer. |
| hydrophilic | water loving |
| hydrophobic | fear of water |
| active transport | Active transport is the movement of a substance across a cell membrane against its concentration gradient |
| passive transport | a movement of biochemicals and other atomic or molecular substances across membranes |
| fluid mosaic model | A model conceived by S.J. Singer and Garth Nicolson in 1972 to describe the structural features of biological membranes. |
| isotonic | Having equal tension |
| hypertonic | having more stuff |
| hypotonic | having less stuff |
| endoctosis | a process by which cells absorb molecules by engulfing them |
| exocytosis | The process in which the cell releases materials to the outside by discharging them as membrane-bounded vesicles passing through the cell membrane |
| chromosome | a long strand of DNA that contains genes |
| genes | a sequence of DNA with codes for proteins |
| allele | a type of gene |
| kingdom: Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species | is a taxonomic rank below kingdom and above class |
| Species | a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring |
| inheritance | passing on property, titles, debts, rights and obligations upon the death of an individual |
| Genetics | is the science of genes |
| Gregor Mendel | Father of modern genetics- his discover is the ground work for all genetics. he study pea plants. |
| Genotype | the make up of a specific set of genes |
| Phenotype | is the physical expression of a trait |
| Homozygous | has two of the same alleles |
| heterozygous | has two different alleles |
| Genotype ratio | 2 FF: 2Ff: 2ff |
| Phenotype ratio | 4 purple: 2 white |
| Incomplete Dominance | is a form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for a specific trait is not completely dominant over the other allele |
| Multiple Alleles | there are three or more forms of a gene for a trait |
| Polygenic Inheritance | is when a single trait is controlled by 2 or more sets of alleles. |
| Sex Linkage | is the phenotypic expression of an allele related to the chromosomal sex of the individual |
| Dihybrid cross | is a cross between F1 offspring (first-generation offspring) of two individuals that differ in two traits of particular interest. |
| RNA nucleotides: C, G, A, U | cytosine, guanine, adenine and uracil |
| Codons | A sequence of three adjacent nucleotides constituting the genetic code that specifies the insertion of an amino acid in a specific structural position in a polypeptide chain during the synthesis of proteins |
| Translation | converts mRNA into a protein |
| Mutation | a change in the DNA sequence of genes |
| Variation | variation in alleles of genes, occurs both within and among populations |
| Karyotpe | is the number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell |
| Crossing Over | A process occurring during meiosis wherein two chromosomes pair up and exchange segments of their genetic material. |
| Fertilization | is the union of a humanoid egg and sperm |
| tropical rainforest | is an ecosystem type that occurs roughly within the latitudes 28 degrees north or south of the equator |
| grasslands | areas where the vegetation is dominated by grasses |
| desert | almost no rain fall, store water of have deep root systems |
| temperate forest | forest concentrations formed in the northern and southern hemisphere, or in temperate regions |
| taiga | is a biome characterized by coniferous forests consisting mostly of pines, spruces and larches |
| tundra | very cold most of year very little precipitation ground is permanently frozen and mosses and low lying plants survive |
| density defendant factor | Increasing population size reduces available resources limiting population growth. In restricting population growth |
| density independent factor | Increasing population size reduces available resources limiting population growth |
| predator/prey relationship | interactions in which one organism consumes all or part of another |
| intraspecific competition | competition between organisms of the same species |
| interspecific competition | is a form of competition in which individuals of different species compete for the same resource in an ecosystem |
| symbiosis | is close and often long-term interaction between two or more different biological species |
| parasitism | when a organism benefits and the other gets harmed |
| commensalism | relationship between two organisms where one organism benefits without affecting the other |
| mutualism | when both sides benefit from it |
| terrestrial succession | changes on land over a period of time |
| pioneer species | hardy species which are the first to colonize previously disrupted or damaged ecosystems |
| climax community | expressed a biological community of plants and animals and fungi which, through the process of ecological succession |
| primary succession | beings on bare rock |
| secondary succession | is one of the two types of ecological succession of plant life |
| aquatic pond succession | A geological event, such as a glacier or sink hole, can create a pond |
| competition | is a contest between organisms, animals, individuals, groups, etc., for territory, a niche, or a location of resources, for resources and goods, for prestige, recognition, awards, mates, or group or social status, for leadership; it is the opposite of coo |
| predation | when one organism is hunting another organism to try and eat it |
| symbiosis | is close and often long-term interaction between two or more different biological species |
| succession | a process of change that regenerates or creates a community after a disturbance. |
| pioneer species | first species to grow in an area of succession |
| climax community | is a biological community of plants and animals and fungi which, through the process of ecological succession |
| primary succession | one of two types of biological and ecological succession of plant life |
| photosynthesis | a process used by plants and other autotrophic organisms to convert light energy |
| mitochondria | is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in most eukaryotic cells |
| chloroplast | organelles found in plant cells and some other eukaryotic organisms |
| cellular respiration | is the set of the metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into ATP, and then release waste products |
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DanayalWHS
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