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Biol1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Given the "anti" means against why does it make sense that antibiotics do not work? | Viruses are not alive |
| You are a chemist and have isolated an atom. You discover that it has 8 electrons, 8 neutrons and 7 protons, you identify it as? | An ion and an isotope of nitrogen |
| If you don't water your African violet plant, it will wilt because of loss of water from the .... | Vacuole |
| All of the following are nitrogenous base of RNA EXCEPT? | Thymine |
| Which is the correct sequence for the levels of biological organizations? | Population->Community->Ecosystem->Biosphere |
| The _____ Exam has no take home portion so the exam is worth ______ points? | Final, 100 |
| Which of the following does not have a full valence? | Cl Chlorine |
| If your interested in studying the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, which process would give you most specific results? | SEM |
| You test a funny pink solution and find that it has a pH of 5. What is the proton concentration of this solution? | 0.00001 M |
| Most of the time children look biologically similar to their parents. Why is this? | A child is the product of both parents' DNA |
| Which type of reaction would have to happen in order to build a triglyceride from glycerol and fatty acids? | Dehydration |
| You are a taxonomy studying the Cloud Forest of Kaua'i. You discover a remarkable creature that is made from amazing complex proteins with a center of highly coiled DNA, and 100 diff genes you classify it as? | Not Living |
| The human egg (oocyte) is quite large compared to all other cells in the human body. Given your understanding of cell organization and dimensions, why does this make sense? | It needs a large volume in which to store all the things for early development. |
| You have isolated an isotope of Sodium; it has 12 neutrons. When this isotope radioactively decays, it becomes? | Mg Magnesium |
| You have observed that all creatures react bad when a stink bug "stinks", raven ignores and eats them, you undergo a bunch of background research, and decide that you want to know why? | Create a hypothesis |
| Which of the following functional groups forms a covalent bond which allows for very stable tertiary structures of proteins? | Sulfhydryl |
| In males testes, which of the following organelles are responsible for the production of testosterone? | Smooth ER |
| Which of the following would be an example of an emergent property of a population but NOT of an organism? | Evolution |
| You are working to identify organisms at some seep-sea hydrothermal vents. You find some colonies of small, single celled organisms living right where the super heated caustic water is coming out, whats it;s Domain? | Archea |
| Phosphorus is a unique molecule; it has hybrydized orbital in its valence. How many bonds (triple,double) would Phosphorus make with Radon? | 0 |
| DNA sequence 5'ATC 3' what is the reverse compliment? | 3'TAG 5' |
| In order for Natural Selection to take place, what must be present in a population? variation,surviving offspring, competition of resources, surviving pass traits. | All of the above |
| Which of the following is the Family that humans belong to? | Hominidae |
| You have a friend who can drink a lot of alcohol and never appears to gets drunk, his body has increased the amount of which organelle? | Smooth ER |
| Which of the following is the monomer that makes up amylopectin? | The one with the 2 OH on the right |
| Which of the following atom does not form an ion in order to stabilize itself? | C Carbon |
| Coke is eating a hole in your stomach, add NaOH, the pH stays the same, what chemical is present in Coke? | A buffer |
| What is one way to avoid bias? | Conduct double-blind experiments |
| A ____ allows researchers to take high resolution pictures of the inside of a specimen. | TEM |
| Light microscopes have a much lower____ than electron microscopes because light has a much larger wavelength than_____. | resolution, electrons |
| Which of the following molecule could NOT exist in nature? | P the one with 4 double bonds |
| You place a white carnation in water with blue dye. A little while later you notice that the dye is visible in the petals. This is the outcome of? | Capillary action |
| Interactions between ___ side groups and ___ side groups of amino acids allow for Hydrogen bonds to affect the tertiary structure of a protein. | Polar,Polar |
| All of the following organelles take part in the breakdown of substances EXCEPT? | Ribosomes |
| The Major mechanism of evolution is? | Natural Selection |
| The ___ is the location where ribosomes are assembled. | Nucleolus |
| How many orbitals are present in atomic Sulfur? | 3 |
| Which of the following functional groups is found in large amounts in Carbohydrates? | Hydroxl |
| Yuu are on a expedition to the frozen desert of Peru, you find an organism that has the capability of secreting enzymes around it to predigest plant which it then absorbs for its food. you classify this organism in which Kingdom? | Fungi |
| Why is frozen water lighter in the solid state than in liquid state? | Water is a polar covalent molecule that forms H-bonds that spread out when slow. |
| One mole of Calcium has ___ atoms and weighs__? | 6.02 X 10^23, 40 grams |
| You are watching the movements of the phospholipids and proteins in the plasma membrane. suddenly you notice a small streroid molecule located between most of the phospholipids, this molecule is most likely? | Cholesterol |
| Which of the following molecules would form Hydrogen bonds with others of the same molecules? | C6H12O6 |
| The ___ structure of proteins is due to the backbone-backbone interaction between amino acids, wheres the ____ structure is simply the linear arrangement of amino acids. | Secondary, Primary |
| You ate a bagel w/ cream cheese this morning. In order to use this food to power your brain, what kind of reaction is this? | Hydrolysis |
| What happens if all decomposers died? | All life would eventually die |
| You are examining a new animal that you have found; it has large branched chains of alpha glucose within its muscle tissue. You identify this molecule as: | Glycogen |
| During an infection, a white blood cell engulfs some bacteria. Which organelles would then degrade these bacteria? | Lysosomes |
| Which of the following concentration represents the WEAKEST acid? | 0.000001 M 5 zero's |
| Flagella are use for locomotion by many types of single celled organisms. _______ are responsible for creating this movement. | Microtubeles |
| One reason you cook food is that protein undergo ____? | Denature |
| If Tritium radioactively decays (assumes one neutron is affected) what is the resulting atom? | He Helium |
| A great example of quaternary structure of a protein is ___? | Collagen |
| All of the following are characteristics of living things EXCEPT? | Can respond to light as a stimulus. |
| Which of the following molecules is a polar covalent molecule? | N Nitrogen one with 3 bonds. |
| Which of the following is NOT an attribute of all cells? | Nucleus |
| You are working on quantifying the amount of cellular energy in a specific cell type. You isolate a molecule that is made of a nitrogenous base, a ribose molecule and three phosphate groups. You correctly identify this molecule as: | ATP |
| Which of the following is the correct pairing | Neutron->located with in the nucleus and weighs 1 amu |
| Which of the following functional groups in some lipids, all nucleic acids but NOT in Carbohydrates? | Phosphate |
| Your body has launched a huge immune response to invading bacteria. During this fight your macrophages are busy destroying bacteria through the process of __? | Phagocytosis |
| The Na+/K+ pump maintains the electrochemical gradient of the cell by using __ to move 3 sodium cations___ and 2 potassium cations __. | ATP, out, in |
| Which of the following is the most likely explanation for why the proteins on the outside of the cell membrane are different from the inside of the cell membrane? | The proteins on either side have different functions. |
| In winter UDOT puts salt all over the road to keep it from getting icy. You know that having salt around the flower roots will make a ___ solution of the soil, which means that the water in flower root cells will flow ___ due to osmosis. | Hyper-tonic, out |
| In the summer, phospholipids are too ___ and might break, and in the winter these fatty acid tails of the phospholipds are too ___ and the membrane will cease to move. | Unsaturated, saturated |
| You forgot to water your beautiful shamrock plant and you come home to find it droopy. Why is this? | The plant cells have undergone some mild plasmolysis. |
| The Na+/Glucose synporter uses the energy of a ___ gradient to pull ___ into the cell. The gradient that powers this is created by the ____ pump. | Na+, Glucose, Na+/K+ |
| You are working late shift at a hospital, patient cells has to much water, what tonicity of IV fluids would you give your patient to decrease the amount of fluid in his cells? | Hyper-tonic solution |
| A large amount of water needs to get into the cell quickly, the most likely mechanism to do this would be to allow it through _____? | An aqua porin. |
| ____ is the process by which neurons are able to release neurotransmitter outside of the cell, into the synaptic cleft. | Exo cytosis |
| ___ proteins form gated tubes, ____proteins change their shape to either facilitate diffusion or pump into and out of the cell. | Channel, Carrier |
| A closed system is characterized by which of the following; 1)Takes energy from it surroundings 2)Does not exchange energy from surroundings 3)Gives off energy 4)Cannot live | 2)Does not exchange energy from surroundings and 4)Cannot live |
| Enzymes can only work so fast, Once the achieve the maximal rate, the substrates begin to back up, which levels off the overall rate of reaction, What could your body do to again increase the reaction rate in this situation? | Start a cell cascade that triggers the activation of transcription factors for that enzyme's gene. |
| A PERSON STANDING ON A DIVING BOARD has higher __energy, Once he jumps its called ___ energy | Potential, Kinetic |
| You need to build the protein elastin within dermal cell; the Delta (D) g of this reaction is 300 kJ/mol. Your dermal cells have ongoing catabolic whose D G is -31 kJ/mol for each reaction. How many catabolic reactions to drive creation of elastin? | 10 |
| Which of the following is considered a co-factor but NOT an enzyme? | Mg^2+ |
| Your cell powers many of its reaction by allowing ions to diffuse at particular time. How does diffusion act as a form of energy? | Diffusion is an ex organic reaction A higher concentration has a lower entropy than lower concentration gradient and anything that increases entropy will release energy (cause a -D G) |
| Cyanide is classified as an ___ of cytochrome oxidase | Irreversible inhibitor. |
| Which of the following is an example of an anabolic reaction? | There is no type of reaction |
| Which of the following is the correct sequence of events that best describes the physics of an enzyme? | Substrates bind to active site - induced fit - form new bonds - release of product |
| Which of the following is an example of a catabolic reaction? | ATP->ADP + P |
| As the concentration of an enzyme increases, the rate of reaction_____. as The substrate level increases, the rate of reaction___ then levels off. | Increases, Increases |
| In the electron transport chain, NADH donates it electrons and protons to _____, whereas FADH donates it electrons and protons to _____. | NADH-Ubiquinone oxydoreductase, Succinate-Ubiquinone Reductase |
| Proteins are considered a dirty form of ATP because in order to use them as a fuel aerobic respiration your body must first remove which functional group? | Amino |
| During Glycolysis, __ATPs are split, but by the end you have created ___ ATP(Gross). In addition, 2 ___ are reduced to 2 ___. | 2, 4, NAD+, NADH |
| Using both of the 2-Carbon molecules that are the results of the formation of acetyl-CoA, how many ATP's are generated by oxidative phosphorylation from just the citric acid cycle? | 22 |
| During aerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is ___ whereas during anaerobic respiration the final electron acceptor for their electron transport chain is __ or __. | 02, Nitrates, Sulphates |
| Glycolysis takes place in the ___, whereas the formation of CoA, and all subsequent steps take place in the ____. | Cytoplasm, Mitochondria |
| In the electron transport chain of the mitochondria, which of the following is where the electron from complex three are next given to? | Cytochrome c |
| Figure using 1 pyruvate, how many atoms are left after 1 cycle (turn) of the citric acid cycle? | 0 |
| In order to stop the production of ATP, a negative feedback loop is used. Which enzyme does this feedback loop affect during glycolysis. | Phosphofructokinase |
| Starting with only 1 molecule of acetyl_CoA, the citric cycle generates __ NADH's and ___ FADH | 3,1 |
| For each NADH generated in the citric acid cycle or the formation of acetyl CoA, ____H+ are pumped. In contrast, the NADHs generated during glycolysis in the brain or skeletal muscle pump only a total of __ H+. | 3,2 |
| When certain types of bacteria run out of O2, they begin generating __in order to oxidize NADH back into NAD+ | Ethanol |
| During the formation of 2 acetyl CoA's from 2 pyruvates, 2 ___ are reduced. | NAD+ |
| Glycolyssis can divide into two phases; the energy___ phase and the energy ___ phase. | Investment, Capture |
| Microwaves have a ____ wavelength that's shorter than X-rats | Longer |
| When a photon hits an electron it boosts it to a higher energy orbital. What is this process called? | Excitation |
| Wave A is 500 and Wave B is 450, which is longer? | Wave B |
| The photosynthetic pigment, Chlorophyll b appears green. Which of the following colors does it absorb? | All colors |
| The light dependent reactions look very similar to which of the following reactions? | Mitochondria Electron Transport Chain |
| The __ spectrum shows the relative rate of the reaction to the wavelength, whereas the spectrum demonstrates the amount of the light taken in compared to the wavelength. | Action, Absorption |
| Cyclic Photophoshosphorylation creates ___, whereas Noncyclic Photophosphorylation produces ___ and __' | ATP, NADPH, ATP |
| ___ is the process that yields electrons for the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis. In addition, this process is responsible for producing ___ as a waste product. | Photolysis, O2 |
| Which of the following is the enzyme responsible for carbon fixation during the Calvin Cycle? | Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase |
| When is very bright & dry, plants close their stomata to conserve water. When plants initiate this reaction, the levels of CO2 decreases & the levels of O2 increase within the cell, causing _ to initiate _ which greatly reduces photosynthetic efficiency. | Rubisco, Photo-respiration |
| In which of the following plants would you expect to find Crassulcean Acid Metabolism? | Joshua Tree |
| Which, most likely, appeared first in evolution: aerobic respiration or photosynthesis? | Photo-synthesis |
| ____ travel through the blood, whereas neurotransmitters travel through ____. | Hormones, Interstitial Fluid |
| Photospholipase C splits which molecule into IP3 and DAG? 1)ATP 2)Insitol trisphosphate 3)CALMODULIN 4)PROTEIN KINACES C | None of the above |
| Your pineal gland, located deep within your brain, has been making a lot of melatonin for a long time. In response, your cell will __ the number of melatonin receptors. This is called __ regulation. | Decrease, Down |
| Which of the following is the correct sequence of a cell signaling cascade? | Signal Receptor Transduction Response |
| Which type of receptors is responsible for hearing and balance? | Mechano receptor |
| Why do signaling transduction pathway have multiple steps? !)Amplification 2)elapse time to elapse 3)allow for variety of cell response 4)Termination at any step | All of the above |
| Which of the following can cause the relaxation of smooth muscle? 1)Nitric Oxide 2)Serotonin 3)Prostaglandins | 1)Nitric Oxide 3)Prostaglandins |
| After a ligand binds with a a G-protein linked receptor, what must happen? | The GDP is replaced by GTP in the G-protein |
| Small, hydrophobic molecules will most likely be the ligand for which type of receptor? | Intracellular |
| ____ triggers the release of Ca ^2+ ions from the smooth ER, whereas ___ causes the activation of Protein kinase A. | IP3, cAMP |
| In order to turn on a gene, one must activate the proper ___? 1)Transcription Factor 2)Receptor 3)Signaling molecule 4)Transduction pathway | All of them |
| G+H->I+J Delta G = +100kJ/mol | O->P Delta G= -110 kJ/mol |
| In order to coil your DNA more tightly from packed nucleosomes into a condensed Chromosome you must have ____? 1)Scaffolding 2)Histones 3)Special Histone H1 4)Condensin | All of the above |
| Your chromosomes become condensed chromosomes and are visible beginning in __ and then De-condense in __? | Pro phase, Telo phase |
| Which of the following phases is NOT part of Inter-phase? 1)GO 2)G1 3)G2 4)S | None of the above |
| Neurons in the nervous system lack centrioles therefore they arrest (stop) and nerve progress from which phase of the cell cycle? 1)Prophase 2)Metaphase 3)G0 Phase 4)S Phase | G0 Phase |
| During which phase of Mitosis does karyotyping occur? 1)Telophase 2)Metaphase 3)Prophase 4)Anaphase 5)Prometaphase | Metaphase |
| DNA Replication only occurs during which phase of Interphase? 1)Prophase 2)G1 Phase 3)Metaphase 4)S Phase 5)G2 phase | S Phase |
| Transcription can NOT occur during which stage of the cell cycle? 1)Mitosis 2)G1 Phase 3)S Phase 4)G2 Phase 5)It can occur during all stages of cell cycle | Mitosis Translation occurs on all stages of the cell cycle |
| If you had a mutation that caused your kinetochore protein to become nonfunctional, what would happen during cell division? | The mitotic spindle would not be able to attach to your chromosomes so Mitosis & Meiosis could not occur. |
| Cytokinesis in animals occurs because of the contraction of an ___ whereas cytokinesis in plants occurs through the formation of a __. | Actomyosin ring Cell Plate |
| ___ stretch the cell in anticipation of cytokinesis, whereas __ are used to move and separate the chromosomes. | Polar microtubules Kinetochore mcrotubules |
| True or False: Bacteria reproduction occurs through Meiosis? | False |
| Meiosis occurs is which organs of the human body? | Ovaries, and Testes |
| During Meiosis crossing over happens entirely: 1)Prophase 1 2)Prophase 2 3)Metaphase 1 4)Metaphase 2 5)Anaphase 2 | Prophase 1 |
| Homologous chromosomes separate during which phase of Meiosis? 1)Metaphase 1 2)Anaphase 1 3)Metaphase 2 4)Anaphase 2 5)Both 1 3 | Anaphase 1 |
| In humans, during G1 phase we have ____ chromosomes (total) but after completing mitosis we have ___ chromosomes in each daughter cell. | 46, 46 |
| If a potato's haploid number is 22 then it has ___ chromosomes during G0 phase and ___ chromosomes during cytokinesis 2 of meiosis. | 44, 22 |
| A lot of plants such as wheat, have more than two copies of every chromosome. This condition in known as ___. | Polyploids |
| Aneuploidy is caused by nondisjunction at which stage of meiosis would produce NO gametes with the correct number of chromosomes? 1)Prophase 1 2)Anaphase 1 3)Prophase 2 4)Anaphase 2 5)Metaphase 2 | Anaphase 1 |
| Lemurs are very cute and fuzzy. Coat is either black or brown with brown being the dominant color. Both Dad and Mom Lemurs are brown and all of their 300 offspring are brown as well. What are the possible genotypes of Mom and Dad Lemur? | Both homozygous Dominant (or,Both) One homozygous Dominant and one heterozygous |
| Oompah Loompas can have red, blue, or purple hair. Purple hair results from the heterozygous condition. Orv Oompah has purple hair & is married to op Oompah who brags she has the bluest hair. How many Op & Orv's children can brag about blue hair? | 50% |
| At which stage of Meiosis does Mendel's Principal of Segregation take place? 1)Prophase 1 2)Prophase 2 3)Metaphase 1 4)Prophase 2 5)Telophase 1 | Anaphase 2 |
| You can cross two individuals and expect to see 50% recombination, instead you see 70% parental phenotypes. How many map units separate these two genes | 30 |
| At which phase of Meiosis does Independent Assortment occur? 1)Anaphase 1 2)Anaphase 2 3)Metaphase 1 4)Prophase 2 5)None | Metaphase 1 |
| Pit Vipers 1st clutch Mendelian inheritance 3 to 9 to 3 what kind of cross would produce this selection of offspring? | Dihybrid Cross |
| You are tossing coins with your friend; what is the possibility that three tosses only one will be heads? | 3/8 3 tossess |
| cross between 2 individuals that are both heterozygous for 2 loci & instead of seeing the typical ratio of their offspring you observe 95% of offspring have parental phenotype higher than expected. What is the frequency of recombination of this cross? | 5% |
| If you roll a die twice what is the probability that you will roll a 3 and a 5? | 1/18 |
| Reginald is a color-blind man. He is married to Regina; a purebreed woman who has normal color vision. What % of their girls will be color blind? | None |
| For a human woman who is a heterozygote for X -linked color blindness only half of the cones in her eyes work properly- why is that? | Dosage Compensation allows only one X active per cell |
| The fact that the Cystic Fibrosis mutation affects not only the respiratory tract but also the reproduction and digestive tracts is because this gene is __? 1)Epistatic 2)Dosage Dependant 3)Pleiotropic 4)Codominant 5)Polygenic | Pleiotropic |
| Pumpkins Orange or white ,Orange is dominant & Fat or skinny, Fat is dominant. Two point test cross reveals 25%OF, 25%Os, 25%wF, 25%ws, what is the unknown genotype? | OoFf |
| What is the blood type possibilities of children from a mother with type A and a father with type O blood? | Either type A or type O |
| The range of phenotypic possibilities that can develop from a single genotype under different environmental condition curve is known as ___? | Norm of Reaction |
| Mitochondria have their own genes. Humans get their mitochondria from which parent? | Mom |
| Which of the following aneuploidy is the only non-fatal way to have 45 chromosomes? | Turner's Syndrome |
| If two genes are close together on the same chromosome, what is the only way that those two genes can behave as if they are unlinked (independently assort)? | Recombination |
| Who were the scientist that redid Griffith's experiment in order to ascertion which macromolecule was responsible for Pneumococcal transformation? | Avery, MacLeod and McCarty |
| Any change in the DNA sequence is known as a __? | Mutation |
| __ was a British scientist whose X-ray diffraction pictures lead to Watson and Crick's publication on the structure of DNA. However, __ got the Nobel prize for the work | Franklin, Wilkins |
| Why did it make sense to early scientist that our genes could be made from proteins and not nucleic acids(before they actually figured out that it was in fact nucleic acids)? | 1) Proteins are made from 20 monomers and nucleic acids only have 5 different monomers &&&&&&&&& 2) Proteins make up 60% of their dry weight of our cells. |
| True or False: Gregory Mendel knew that genes were made of DNA. | True |
| If you were to give a person a drug that blocked the action of DNA ligase what would be one of the effects? | The newly replicated strands of DNA would have breaks in their backbones leaving them weakened so new cells would contain weakened DNA |
| A patient has a singular disease state in which she cannot initiate DNA replication on either strand of DNA. What would be the most likely explanation for this situation? | She has a mutation at her origins of replication such that the DNA strands cannot be opened. |
| DNA ___ is necessary for replication in order to create a "landing pad" for DNA Polymerase. Both of these enzymes can only move from __ to ___. | Primase, 5' , 3' |
| Which of the following is the most often the correct sequence of enzyme action for DNA replication? | Gyrase, Helicase, DNA primase, DNA polymerase DNA ligase |
| If your cell do not contain active ___ then as your cell undergo cell division theis chromosomes will become___. | Telomerase, Shorter |
| Children are undergoing a lot of cell division all the time. As a doctor, if you saw an 8 year old child with lots of non-skin origin cancers what would you suspect would be the underlying genetic problems? | There is something wrong with the child's mismatched repair system. |
| Given the following fragment of mRNA, how many amino acids would be in the proteins that it codes for? | 9 |
| The pairing of Cytosine to Guanine creates___ hydrogen bonds, whereas the pairing of Adenine to Thymine creates ____ hydrogen bonds. | 3,2 |
| In DNA Adenine pairs with ___but during transcription the Adenine in the DNA pairs with ___ in the RNA | Thymine, Uracil |
| ___ are enzymes that chop out nucleotides ad are used in conjunction with both __ and ___ to repair errors is replication or damage to DNA | NUcleases, Polymerase, Ligases |
| DNA stands for __? | Deoxyribonucleic Acid |
| Given the following Coden for Asparagine, what would it's anticodon be? 5' GAU 3' | 5'AUC 3' |
| If you had irradiated Neurospora (which before had grown fine on minimal media) then grew it from what was left and found that it only grew on minimal media plus vitamin B6 what would you conclude about this mutant Neurospora? | It has a mutation in the metabolic pathway for the creation of vitamin B6 |
| ___ and __ proposed the one-gene one-___ hypothesis. | Tatum, Beadle, Enzyme |
| What must RNA Polymerase recognize before Transcription can be initiated? | The promoter sequence |
| Which of the following anticodon sequences on a tRNA could pair with the 5' GCU 3' codon? 1)3' CGA 5' 2)3' CGG 5' 3)3' CGU 5' 4)3' CGC 5' | All of them |
| The pairing(s) in number 54 is made possible through a theory called the ___ Theory which was created by Francis Crick | Wobble |
| In order to undergo translation an mRNA transcript must have which of the following? 1)Successful transcription 2)Addition 7-methyl G cap 3)Addition poly-A tail 4)Introns removed | All of them |
| When translocation happens during transcription the aminoacyl-tRNA's move into new sites. In what sequence does this process happen? | A-site -> P-site -> E-Site |
| In order to have an uninterrupted gene transcript the____ must be removed from the ___by a ___. | Introns, Exons, Spliceosome |
| In transcription, termination is signales when RNA Polymerase encounters the ___ whereas in translation, termination is signaled by the ___ encountering the ___ | Termination Sequence, A-site, Stop Codon |
| If a person has a disease caused by a shorten and, therefore nonfunctional, protein, this could have arisen from what type of mutation? | A nonsense base substitution &&&& A nonsense frameshift |
| If a person has a fully functional protein expressed in their cell one day and the next day have none of that type of protein expresses in those same cells what could be the reason? | All of the above Transportation is moving about in their genome,gene is needed one day and not the next, a retrotransposon is moving about thir genome. |
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