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8th Earth Science
Jenks Middle School Earth Science Vocabulary Terms for Semester 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Scientific Method | a method of problem solving involving observation to test a hypothesis |
| Question | asks what it is that you want to test |
| Research | background information that is needed to perform the experiment |
| Hypothesis | an educated guess that answers your question |
| Experiment | testing an idea or hypothesis through a controlled investigation |
| control | a variable that does not change; a standard against which other conditions can be compared in an experiment |
| independent variable | the factor being tested that you change |
| dependent variable | the variable (factor being tested) that is measured |
| analysis | the place in the scientific method where you record all data and observations in tables, charts, and graphs |
| observation | the act of making and recording measurements; the act of noticing or paying attention |
| qualitative data | descriptive data |
| quantitative data | numerical data |
| inference | drawing a conclusion or making a logical judgment on the basis of observations |
| data | a collection of facts from which conclusions may be drawn |
| conclusion | a judgment or opinion inferred from relevant facts; a final summary |
| theory | an accepted explanation of some aspect of the natural world; this concept is not yet verified as true |
| law | a generalization that describes recurring facts or events in nature; accepted as true |
| Mineral | naturally occurring, inorganic, always a solid, has a definite chemical composition, and has crystalline form |
| Appearance | what a mineral looks like |
| Hardness | A measure of how easily a mineral scratches |
| Moh’s Scale of Hardness | a scale comparing the hardness of 10 common minerals, has values of 1-10 |
| Luster | the way a mineral reflects light |
| Metallic | shines like a metal |
| Non-metallic | does not shine like a metal, but lusters include vitreous (glassy), pearly, and earthy. |
| Streak | the color of a mineral in powder form on a plate |
| Cleavage | a break along a smooth flat surface |
| Fracture | a break with a rough, or jagged surface |
| Breakage | how a mineral breaks; cleavage or fracture |
| Mixture | substances physically mixed together, but each retain their own properties |
| Heterogeneous Mixture | a mixture that is not uniform throughout and that can be physically separated |
| Homogeneous Mixture | a mixture that is well mixed and that is uniform throughout, cannot be easily separated |
| Matter | anything that has mass and takes up space (volume) |
| Law of Conservation of Mass | Matter cannot be created, nor destroyed; the mass of the reactants will equal the mass of the products |
| Endothermic Reaction | reaction where energy is absorbed |
| Exothermic Reaction | reaction where energy is released |
| States of Matter | Physical property of solid, liquid, gas, or plasma |
| Physical change | changes affecting the form of a chemical substance, but do not change the chemical composition |
| Physical properties | properties that do not change the chemical nature of matter such as states of matter, color, size, shape, freezing/melting point, boiling/condensation point, and density |
| Chemical change | occur when a substance combines with another to form a new substance |
| Chemical properties | Properties that do change the chemical nature of matter such as burning, glowing, and rusting |
| 1. Mineral | naturally occurring, inorganic, always a solid, has a definite chemical composition, and has crystalline form |
| 2. Appearance | what a mineral looks like |
| 3. Hardness | A measure of how easily a mineral scratches |
| 4. Moh’s Scale of Hardness | a scale comparing the hardness of 10 common minerals, has values of 1-10 |
| 5. Luster | the way a mineral reflects light |
| 6. Metallic | shines like a metal |
| 7. Non-metallic | does not shine like a metal, but lusters include vitreous (glassy), pearly, and earthy. |
| 8. Streak | the color of a mineral in powder form on a plate |
| 9. Cleavage | a break along a smooth flat surface |
| 10. Fracture | a break with a rough, or jagged surface |
| 11. Breakage | how a mineral breaks; cleavage or fracture |
| 1. Rock | a naturally occurring solid mixture of one or more minerals or organic matter |
| 2. Rock Cycle | the series of processes in which a rock forms, changes, from one type to another, is destroyed, and forms again by geological processes |
| 3. Erosion | the process by which wind, water, ice, or gravity transports soil and sediment from one location to another |
| 4. Deposition | the process in which material is laid down |
| 5. Composition | the chemical makeup of a rock; describes either the minerals or other materials in the rock. |
| 6. Texture | the quality of a rock that is based on the sizes, shapes, and positions of the rock’s grains |
| 7. Intrusive Igneous Rock | rock formed from the cooling and solidification of magma beneath Earth’s surface |
| 8. Extrusive Igneous Rock | rock that forms as a result of volcanic activity at or near Earth’s surface |
| 9. Strata | layers of rock |
| 10. Stratification | the processes in which sedimentary rocks are arranged in layers |
| 11. Foliated | the texture of metamorphic rock in which the minerals grains are arranged in planes or bands |
| 12. Non-foliated | the texture of metamorphic rock in which the mineral grains are not arranged in planes or bands |
| 13. Igneous Rock | rocks which formed by the cooling and solidification (crystallization) of molten rock which originated from below the Earth’s surface. |
| 14. Metamorphic | rocks that have been changed due to heat and pressure |
| 15. Fossil | the evidence of remains of prehistoric life |
| 16. Sedimentary Rock | a rock formed when sediments are pressed and cemented together, or when minerals form from solutions (often form in layers) |
| 17. Sediments | loose materials such as rock fragments, mineral grains, and bits of shell that have been moved by wind, water, ice or gravity |
| 18. Detrital Sedimentary Rock | Rock formed from broken fragments of other rocks |
| 19. Chemical Sedimentary Rock | Rock formed from dissolved minerals that come out of solution, not made from pre-existing rock |
| 20. Organic Sedimentary Rock | Rocks made from once living things, rich in fossils |
| 21. Weathering | the breakdown of rock |
| 22. Mechanical/Physical Weathering | rocks are broken down without any change in the chemical nature of the rocks |
| 23. Chemical Weathering | chemical reactions break down the bonds holding rocks together, causing them to fall apart |
| 24. Frost Wedging | water freezes in cracks and expands |
| 25. Root Wedging | Plants grown in a crack and roots break rock apart |
| 26. Abrasion | Wind rounds down rocks, water rounds out rocks |
| 27. Exfoliation (granite) | Rocks heat and expand/cool and contract; this causes rocks to break |
| 28. Oxidation | rust forms when oxygen combines with minerals and elements |
| 29. Carbonation | Carbon Dioxide combines with minerals and elements; forms caves and sink holes |
| 30. Hydration | Water combines with minerals and elements |
| 31. Soil | A mixture of weathered rock, decayed organic matter, mineral fragments, water, and air |
| 32. A-Horizon | top soil layer that includes topsoil and litter |
| 33. Litter | organic material that will eventually become humus and helps prevent erosion |
| 34. B-Horizon | second layer of soil that is lighter in color, contains less humus, and |
| 35. Leaching | the removal of minerals that have been dissolved by water |
| 36. C-Horizon | bottom layer of soil made of partially weathered rock |
| 37. Humus | decayed organic material that turns into a dark-color material |
Created by:
Nishkiconners
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