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Biology Final Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a Monosaccharide? | It is composed of ONE sugar, and is a great building block for other things. |
| What is a Polysaccharide? | It is composed of MANY sugars, which stores excess energy and provides some physical support (cellulose) |
| What is the Phospholipid structure & Function? | Phospholipids have hydrophillic heads & hydrophobic tails. Its function is to keep the right things in and out of the cell, while creating transportation vessels fer certain proteins/molecules/etc. |
| What is the structure & function of a triglyceride? | It is a glycerol that is attached to three fatty acid molecules. They are compact, energy rich-molecules specialized to store energy. |
| What is the structure & function of DNA? | DNA is is a double-stranded, double-helix consisting of four different nucleotides that bond together. It's function is to store genetic material and to code for different genes. |
| Why are Enzymes essential for life to occur? | They accelerate chemical reactions inside of the body so our body can work at a faster pace. |
| What are the properties of a stem cell? | They have the ability to divide throughout their lifetime. |
| What is a totipotent stem cell? | Stem cells that can develop into an individual (human). aka an embryonic stem cell. |
| What is a pluripotent stem cell? | Stem cells that can't form a person, but can do just about anything else. Found in the umbilical cord blood. |
| What are multipotent adult (somatic) stem cells? | They build, maintain, and repair cells & tissues. |
| What are cancer cell properties? | They don't listen to checkpoints, and divide uncontrollably. |
| What is facilitated diffusion? | It is a type of passive diffusion that in which substances are transported across the cell membrane through protein carrier molecules. |
| What is a protein carrier? | Proteins that is responsible for transporting specific substances through the cell membrane. |
| What is a channel protein? | Proteins that allow certain molecules to cross the cell membrane that are too big to diffuse through. |
| What is Phagocytosis? | It is cellular-eating. It is a type of endocytosis that allows the uptake of foreign invaders and food particles. |
| What is Exocytosis? | When large hydrophillic substances are exported into the extracellular space. |
| What are Ligands? | Molecules that attach to another (usually larger) molecule. A signal in the cell-cycle. |
| What are Receptors? | |
| What is the role of Cell Cycle Checkpoints in Cell Cycle Regulation? | To make sure cells don't reproduce too quickly and create cancer. |
| What are Proto-Oncogenes? | It is a normal gene, that has the potential to becomem an Oncogene. |
| What is a protein carrier? | Proteins that is responsible for transporting specific substances through the cell membrane. |
| What is a channel protein? | Proteins that allow certain molecules to cross the cell membrane that are too big to diffuse through. |
| What is Phagocytosis? | It is cellular-eating. It is a type of endocytosis that allows the uptake of foreign invaders and food particles. |
| What is Exocytosis? | When large hydrophillic substances are exported into the extracellular space. |
| What are Ligands? | Molecules that attach to another (usually larger) molecule. A signal in the cell-cycle. |
| What are Receptors? | |
| What is the role of Cell Cycle Checkpoints in Cell Cycle Regulation? | To make sure cells don't reproduce too quickly and create cancer. |
| What are Proto-Oncogenes? | It is a normal gene, that has the potential to becomem an Oncogene. |
| What are tumor suppressor genes? | Genes that protects a cell from one step on the path to cancer. |
| What is the purpose of Mitosis? | To duplicate skin cells to repair injuries. |
| What is the purpose of Meiosis? | To duplicate sex cells in order to create a human being. |
| What is RNA Polymerase? | It is the enzyme that copies the DNA into RNA. |
| What is the promoter in Transcription? | What RNA Polymerase binds to in order to begin transcription. |
| What are General Transcription Factors? | Factors that bind to the promoter and proximal control elements to help RNA Polymerase II interact effectively with the promoter. |
| What is Alternative Splicing? | The ability to make several proteins from a single gene. |
| What makes Polypeptides? | Ribosomes |
| What are Stop & Stop Codons in Messenger RNA? | The start codon is the codon that signals the mRNA to start translating, and the stop codon is the codon that tells the mRNA to stop translation. AUG is the start codon, the stop is UUA, UAG, or UGA. |
| What is tRNA? | It is transfer RNA that consisting of folded molecules that transport amino acids from the cytoplasm of a cell to a ribosome. |
| What are signal sequences? | A segment of about 15-30 amino acids that enables the protein to pass through the cell membrane. |
| What is a frameshift mutation? | A genetic mutation caused by inserts or deletions in the nucleotide sequence. |
| What is a nonsense mutation? | A genetic mutation where a stop codon is randomly inserted in the Nucleotide sequence. |
| What are Chromosome abnormalities? | Deletion, Duplication, Inversion, Translocation, etc. When a block of genes are altered causing mutations. |
| What is deletion? | When a block of genes is completely deleted |
| What is duplication? | When a block of genes is completely duplicated. |
| What is Inversion? | When a block of genes is completely flipped. |
| What is translocation? | When Chromosomes change pieces. |
| What are some diseases/syndromes associated with Chromosome abnormalities? | Syndromes that alter the sex of someone, or slow down maturing processes. |
| What was Mendel's Monohybrid Crossing Experiemnt? | When Mendel crossed two pea plants to test ONE trait to see what their offspring would produce. |
| What was Mendel's Dihybrid Crossing Experiment? | When Mendel crossed pea plants to compare two different traits of each plant to see what its offspring would be. |
| What is a Pedigree? | It provides a mechanism to investigate inheritance patterns in humans. |
| What pedigrees have an effect individual in every generation? | Dominant trait pedigrees |
| What pedigress show an effected individual in every other generation? | Recessive trait pedigrees |
| What would an Autosomal Dominant Trait pedigree look like? | Affected individuals in every generation. Affected individuals have at leasts one affected parent. Affected individuals transmit the trait to male and female children equally. |
| What would an X-linked recessive trait pedigree look like? | Only males are effected. Affected males have normal type children. Affected males have all carrier daughters. No males affected in same generation. |
| What would a X-linked dominant trait pedigree look like? | Affected mothers and wild type fathers have 50% affected children. Affected individuals in every generation. Affected individuals have at least one affected parent. Affected males have all affected daughters and no affected sons. |
| What would a Cytoplasmic Inheritance pedigree look like? | Affected father has all normal children. Affected mother has all affected children. |
| How are Autosomal recessive traits passed down? | Through a common ancestor. |
| What is a Pedigree? | It provides a mechanism to investigate inheritance patterns in humans. |
| What pedigrees have an effect individual in every generation? | Dominant trait pedigrees |
| What is the role of Chromatin in gene expression in Eukaryotic cells? | Shortens DNA molecules so they can fit in Nuclei, (Packages). Positions DNA molecules properly in the Nucleus. Facilitates spindle-driven chromosome movement. Regulates gene expression. Reduces mutation rate. |
| What pedigress show an effected individual in every other generation? | Recessive trait pedigrees |
| What is a Pedigree? | It provides a mechanism to investigate inheritance patterns in humans. |
| What is Glycolysis? | The breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and Pyruvic acid. |
| What would an Autosomal Dominant Trait pedigree look like? | Affected individuals in every generation. Affected individuals have at leasts one affected parent. Affected individuals transmit the trait to male and female children equally. |
| What pedigrees have an effect individual in every generation? | Dominant trait pedigrees |
| What pedigress show an effected individual in every other generation? | Recessive trait pedigrees |
| What would an Autosomal Dominant Trait pedigree look like? | Affected individuals in every generation. Affected individuals have at leasts one affected parent. Affected individuals transmit the trait to male and female children equally. |
| What would an X-linked recessive trait pedigree look like? | Only males are effected. Affected males have normal type children. Affected males have all carrier daughters. No males affected in same generation. |
| What would a X-linked dominant trait pedigree look like? | Affected mothers and wild type fathers have 50% affected children. Affected individuals in every generation. Affected individuals have at least one affected parent. Affected males have all affected daughters and no affected sons. |
| What would a Cytoplasmic Inheritance pedigree look like? | Affected father has all normal children. Affected mother has all affected children. |
| How are Autosomal recessive traits passed down? | Through a common ancestor. |
| What is LAC operon regulation? | The LAC Operon is either completely expressed or completely repressed. |
| What is the role of Chromatin in gene expression in Eukaryotic cells? | Shortens DNA molecules so they can fit in Nuclei, (Packages). Positions DNA molecules properly in the Nucleus. Facilitates spindle-driven chromosome movement. Regulates gene expression. Reduces mutation rate. |
| What is Glycolysis? | The breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and Pyruvic acid. |
| Where does Glycolysis happen? | In the cytosol. |
| What is Fermentation? | It allows glycolysis to continue to produce ATP when cells lack oxygen. |
| Where does Fermentation happen? | In the cytosol. |
| What is the Krebs Cycle? | It releases useful energy from the Acetyl CoA molecules produced by Pyruvate Oxygen to produce NADH, FADH2, GTP, & CO2. |
| Where does the Krebs Cycle occur? | In the Mitochondria. |
| What is Electron Transport Chain? | It couples a reaction between an electron donor (NADH) and an electron acceptor (Oxygen) with the transfer of H+ ions across a membrane. |
| Where does ETC take place? | In the mitochondria. |
| ETC works with ATP Synthase to create ___? | ATP |
| What is the function of NADH & FADH2? | It is used by cells to create ATP. |
| What is the function of ATP & GTP? | Energy that is produced by our bodies to complete daily/bodily functions. |
| What is the difference between ATP & GTP? | ATP is responsible for providing energy for many bodily functions. GTP is used as an energy source in protein synthesis. |
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lucas_witham
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