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BIOL 2212 A&P Final
Biology 2212K Anatomy and Physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The muscle cell membrane is called the | Answer: Sarcolemma Other choices: Endomysium, Perimysium, and Epimysium are all the connective tissues that sheath the muscle, listed inside to outside. |
| An elaborate network of membranes in skeletal muscle cells that functions in calcium storage is: | Answer: sarcoplasmic reticulum Other choices: N/A |
| In bone formation, a deficiency of growth hormone will cause: | Answer: Reduced activity of chondrocytes in the epiphyseal plate and less elongation. |
| The basic microscopic unit of compact bone is: | Answer: the osteon. Other choices: N/A |
| During muscle contraction, myosin cross bridges attach to which active sites? | Actin filaments. |
| The condition of rigor mortis can be best explained by: | A total lack of ATP leaving myosin attached to actin. |
| A sacromere is | the area between 2 Z lines. |
| The small spaces in bone tissue that are holes in which osteocytes live are called: | Lacunae. |
| Myoglobin ____: | holds a reserve supply of oxygen in muscle cells. |
| Rigor mortis occurs because: | ATP is required to release the attached actin and myosin molecules. |
| Which of the following are not part of the sliding filament theory? | Actin shortening as myosin pulls on it. Things that are: myosin reaching up and binding actin, ATP pumping calcium to relax muscle, tropomyosin moving off of actin to open binding site. |
| In muscle contraction, calcium apparently acts to: | bind troponin to remove the blocking acting of tropomyosin. |
| After nervous stimulation of the muscle has ceased, the calcium: | returns to the terminal cisternae for storage until the next contraction. |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of type 1 skeletal fibers? | Answer: Short, powerful contractions. Things that are: high levels of myoglobin, plentiful blood supply, high number of mitochondria. |
| A fracture in the end of the bone would be a break in the: | Answer: Epiphysis If it were in the middle, it would be the diaphysis. |
| One functional unit of skeletal muscle is: | Answer: a sacromere. |
| Ossification of the ends of the bones: | is also called secondary ossification. |
| Bones are constantly undergoing resorption for various reasons. Which of the following cells does this? | Osteoclast. |
| If a patient were suffering from bursitis, this condition would be designated as inflammation of: | small sac containing fluid. |
| Which of the following is not the function of the skeletal system? | Answer: PTH storage and release. Things that are: storage of minerals, support, production of blood cells (hematopoiesis) |
| Creatine phosphate functions in the muscle cell by: | storing energy that will be transferred to ADP to re-synthesize ATP as needed. |
| Articulations permitting limited movement are: | Answer: Amphiarthroses. Other choices: Synovial/Diarthroses joints allow free movement.Synarthroses are immoveable. |
| Factors in preventing (or delaying) osteoporosis include: | Answer: Taking calcium supplements. |
| A joint that is known as a suture is found: | in the skull only. |
| An immovable joint found only between skull bones is called a: | suture. |
| The functional role of T tubules is to: | enhance the spread of action potentials over and into the muscle. |
| What kind of tissue is the forerunner for a repaired bone after fracture? | Fibrocartilage. |
| Which of the following NTs is most important for muscle function? | Acetylcholine. |
| The cell responsible for secreting bone matrix is the | osteoblast. |
| The light and dark stripes of a skeletal muscle cell are produced, for the most part, by: | the arrangement of actin and myosin. |
| Wolff's Law is concerned with: | the thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed on it. |
| Smooth muscle is characterized by all of the following except: | Answer: Multiple Nuclei. Things that do characterize it: spindle shaped cells, no conscious control of their contractions, no striations. |
| Growth of bones is controlled by a symphony of hormones. Which hormone is important for bone growth during infancy and childhood? | Growth Hormone. |
| Two basic discrete types of muscle fibers are ID'd on the basis of their size, speed, and endurance. Which of the following athletic behaviors best represents white fibers? | Answer: a sprint by an Olympic runner. |
| The following characteristics define what type of joint: presence of a synovial cavity, articular cartilage, synovial membrane, and ligaments? | Diathrosis |
| Which of the following glands or organs produces hormones that tend to decrease blood Ca levels? | Thyroid |
| An anaerobic metabolic pathway that results in the production of 2 net ATP per glucose plus 2 pyruvic acid molecules is: | glycolysis |
| Muscle tissue has all of the following types except: | Answer: Nervous Things that are: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth |
| Which of the following statements is true? | Skeletal muscle cells are long and cylindrical with many nuclei. |
| The sliding filament model of contraction involves: | actin and myosin sliding past each other but not shortening. |
| It is thought that remodeling or bone growth is in response to forces placed on it. Which of the following statements may explain how mechanical forces talk to cells responsible for bone remodeling? | Tension and compression create opposite electrical charges on bones. |
| The universal loss of mass seen in skeletons, which begins about the age of 40: | results from an imbalance in the bone remodeling process. |
| In the epiphyseal plate, cartilage grows: | on the epiphyseal side of the cartilage plate. |
| Theoretically, if a muscle were stretched to the point where thick and thin filaments no longer overlapped, : | no muscle tension could be generated since myosin cannot grab actin. |
| Normal bone formation and growth are dependent on the adequate intake of: | Ca, phosphate, and vitamin D |
| A person has just ingested a chemical that binds to ACh receptors in the sarcolemma. By itself, it does not alter membrane potential, yet prevents normal NT binding. Ignoring the effects on other systems, the consequence to skeletal muscle would be: | No contraction at all by nervous mechanisms and contraction if stimulated by an external electrode. |
| Layers of calcification that are found in the bone: | Lamellae |
| Cells that can build bony matrix: | osteoblasts. |
| Cells that can dissolve the bony matrix: | osteoclasts |
| Small channels that radiate through the matrix of bone: | canaliculi. |
| Cell junctions that promote the coordinated activity of cells by physically binding them together into a cell community include all of the following except: | Answer: peroxisomes. Things that do: tight junctions, gap junctions, desmosomes. |
| Which of the following constitutes a long chain of simple sugars: | Answer: polysaccharide. Other choices: nucleic acid is DNA, protein is amino acid. |
| A red blood cell placed in pure water will: | Answer: swell and burst. Other choices: if placed in salty water, it would shrink. |
| Which of the following is a function of the plasma membrane protein: | molecular transport through the membrane. |
| Which of these is NOT a function of the plasma membrane: | Answer: Preventing K ions from leaking out an Na ions from getting in. Things it does: encloses cell contents, selectively permeable, acts as a site of cell to cell interaction. |
| Mitochondria: | contain their own DNA molecule. |
| Which of the following is a concept of cell theory: | A cell is a basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. |
| A good example of a positive feedback mechanism would be: | Answer: Enhancement of labor contractions. Examples of negative feedback: regulating glucose and Ca levels in blood, body temp regulation. |
| Which of the following describes the plasma membrane: | The phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell. |
| The RNA is responsible for bringing the amino acids to the ribosome for protein formation is: | tRNA |
| Passive membrane transport processes include: | movement of a substance down its concentration gradient. |
| Choose the answer that best describes HCO3: | a bicarbonate ion. |
| Which of the following is the major positive ion outside cells? | Sodium |
| Ribosomes, ER, and the golgi apparatus functionally act in sequence to synthesize and modify proteins for secretory use only, never for use by the cell. This statement is: | False. Integral cell membrane proteins are made this way as well. |
| Which of the following is true regarding the generation of a membrane potential? | Both K and Na ions can leak through the cell membrane due to diffusion. |
| Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains: | A relatively stable internal environment, within limits. |
| A solution that has a pH of 2 would best be described as a | strong acid. |
| DNA replication: | takes place during the S phase of the cell cycle. |
| Carbs and proteins are built up from their basic buidling blocks by the | removal of a water molecule between each 2 units. |
| Which of the following elements i snecessary for proper conduction of nervous impulses? | Na |
| Which of the following statements is correct regarding an action potential? | Sodium gets to enter the cell first, potassium exiting the cell causes repolarization, the NaK pump uses energy to set up the concentration gradients. |
| If cells are placed in a hypertonic solution containing a salt to which the membrane is impermeable, what could happen? | The cells will lose water and shrink. |
| Which of the following is not true of proteins: | Answer: They appear to be the molecular carriers of coded hereditary info. Things that are true: They may be denatured by head or acidity, their function depends on the 3d shape, some types are called enzymes. |
| What is the main general purpose of negative feedback? | To maintain homeostasis |
| Carbs are stored in the liver and muscles in the form of: | glycogen |
| In general, the lipids that we refer to as oils have: | a high degree of unsaturated bonds. |
| Lysosomes: | contain acid hydolases that are potentially dangerous to the cell. |
| Which of the following would NOT be a functional characteristic of life? | Answer: Decay. Things that are: responsiveness to external stimuli, maintenance of boundaries, movement. |
| Which of the following statements is true concerning feedback mechanisms? | Negative feedback mechanisms work to prevent sudden severe changes within the body. |
| If you consider your home AC in terms of homeostasis, then the wall thermostat would be the: | Answer: control center. Receptor: thermometer Dial on thermostat: set point Heat pump: effector |
| The endomembrane system is: | an interactive system of organelles whose membranes are physically or functionally connected |
| Which of the following are the survival needs of the body? | nutrients, water, atmospheric pressure, and oxygen |
| Which of the following statements is most correct regarding the cell cycle? | If the restriction point loses control, then cancer may result. |
| The numbers listed represent the number of elections in the first, second, and third energy levels respectively. On the basis of the following, which is an unstable or reactive atom? | Answer: 2, 8, 1. Cell energy levels are 2, 8, 8. |
| In the maintenace of the cell resting membrane potential: | extracellular sodium levels are high. |
| A bond in which electrons are shared unequally: | polar covalent bond |
| A bond in which electrons are shared equally: | nonpolar covalent bond. |
| A bond in which electrons are completely lost or gained by the atoms involved. | ionic bond. |
| Communicating junction: | gap junctions |
| Helps prevent molecules from passing through the extracellular space between adjacent cells: | tight junctions |
| type of anchoring junction: | desmosomes |
| What are ciliated CNS neuroglia that play an active role in secreting and moving the cerebrospinal fluid called? | Ependymal cells. |
| Bipolar neurons are commonly: | found in the retina of the eye. |
| The part of the neuron that conducts impulses away from its cell body is called an: | axon |
| An impulse from one nerve cell is communicated to another nerve cell via the: | synapse. |
| Which of the following is not a function of the autonomic nerve system? | Answer: Innervation of skeletal muscle. Things that are: Innervation of glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle of the digestive tract. |
| The term central nervous system refers to the | brain and spinal cord only. |
| Schwann cells are functionally similar to | oligodendrocytes. |
| Voltage gated channels are found on the | axon |
| The period after an initial stimulus when a neuron is not sensitive to another stimulus is the | absolute refractory period. |
| Our bodies ropelike structures--tendons and ligaments are made of: | dense regular connective tissue. |
| The term somatic system refers to the | both afferent and efferent neurons of the body. |
| If a number of neurons converge on one and cause enough EPSP to start an action potential, it is an example of | spatial summation. |
| Acne is a disorder of the | sebaceous glands. |
| Keratinocytes are an important epidermal cell because they | produce fibrous protein that gives the skin much of its protective properties. |
| Sudiferous (sweat) glands are cateogrized as 2 distinct types. Which of the following are the 2 types of sweat glands? | Eccrine and appocrine. |
| Matrix is composed of | fibers and ground substance. |
| The fiber type that gives connective tissue great tensile strength is | collagen |
| Glands, such as the thyroid, that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as: | endocrine. |
| _____ epithelium appears to have 2 or 3 layers of cells, but all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane. | Pseudostratified columnar |
| Which cells are commonly found wedged between simple columnar epithelial cells? | Goblet cells. |
| Select the most correct statement concerning skin cancer: | Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing. |
| Which of the following is not found in the matrix of cartilage but is in bone? | Answer: Blood vessels Things that are in both: organic fibers, lacunae, live cells |
| A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order? | Corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale. |
| Which of the following cutaneous receptors is specialized for the reception of touch or light pressure like a mouse on your arm? | Meissners corpuscles |
| Sudoriferous glands vary in distribution over the surface of the body. Which of the following is correct? | Ceruminous glands secrete cerumen, which is thought to deter insects. |
| Nutrients reach the surface of the skin through the process of | diffusing through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis. |
| The epidermis consists of five layers of cells, each of which has a distinct role to play. Which of the following layers is responsible for cell division and replacement? | Stratum basale. |
| Despite its apparent durability, the dermis is subject to tearing. How might a person know that the dermis has been stretched or torn? | The appearance of visible silvery white scars. |
| What is the first threat to life from a massive third degree burn? | catastrophic fluid loss. |
| The reason that intervertebral discs exhibit a large amount of tensile strength to absorb shock is because they possess: | collagen fibers. |
| Epithelial tissue ____: | has a basement membrane. |
| Pseudostratified ciliated squamous epithelium ____: | is not an epithelial classification. |
| Chondroblasts ____: | are mature cartilage cells located in spaces called lacunae. |
| Which of the following is true about the mode of secretion of exocrine glands? | Merocrine glands are not altered by the secretory process. |
| The first step in tissue repair after the initial damage is | Inflammation. |
| Select the correct statment regarding adipose tissue: | its primary function is nutrient storage. |
| The myelin sheath is important because it can | speed up impulse transmission with saltatory conduction, help guide a regenerating axon, conserve energy. |
| Which of the following will happen to help conserve body heat: | dermal blood vessels will constrict and arrector pili muscles will contract to fluff you up. |
| In what way does the interior surface of a cell membrane of a resting neuron differ from the external environment? The interior is _____ | negatively charged and contains less sodium. |
| If a motor neuron in the body were stimulated by an electrode placed about midpoint along the length of the axon, ____ | the impulse would spread bidirectionally and the muscle would contract. |
| Once a NT has bound the receptor, 3 things can happen. Which is NOT one of those three things? | Answer: The receptor and NT enter the dendrite. Things that are: diffusion, reuptake into synaptic vesicles, enzymatic breakdown. |
| Although the integument is a covering, it is by no means simple, and some of its functions include: | resident macrophage like cells that ingest antigenic invaders and present them to the immune system. |
| Numerous nerve impulses arriving at a synapse at closely timed intervals exert a cumulative effect: | temporal summation |
| stimulation of a postsynaptic neuron by many terminals at the same time | spatial summations |
| a stimulus that makes the cell hyperpolarize | IPSP |
| A stimulus that depolarizes the cell | EPSP |
| The epithelial membrane that lines the closed ventral cavities of the body: | Serous membrane. |
| The epithelial membrane that lines body cavities open to the exterior: | Mucous membrane. |
| Consists of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium: | Cutaneous membrane. |
| Found lining the digestive and respiratory tracts: | Mucous membrane. |
| An individual who could speak fluently and melodically with occasional pauses to find the right word or used descriptions probably has damage to the: | Wernicke's Area |
| The cranial nerve which innervates the major visceral organs is the: | Vagus nerve |
| The major descending pathways carrying information regarding voluntary movement are called the: | spinothalamic tracts. |
| The dorsal root of the spinal cord will carry information regarding: | temp sensations from the skin, proprioception from the muscles, and fine touch and pressures. |
| When the dentist goes to drill on your teeth, which nerve does he numb? | Trigeminal |
| The golgi tendon organs would be considered: | proprioceptors |
| The function of the commisural fibers would include: | connecting right and left hemispheres. |
| The ventricles that lie within the cerebral hemispheres are the: | lateral ventricles. |
| Our cerebral hemispheres are covered with projections and indentations of tissue. The projections of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are called: | Gyri. |
| Our visual association areas allow us to | recognize our dog in a picture. |
| Sally was mad at your and called you an imbecile. Eager to show your knowledge and that you were NOT stupid, you told her that an imbecile was a person who could not integrate sensory info into a though due to damage to: | The gnostic area. |
| When you were dissecting the sheep brain and found the arbor vitae, you were looking at: | the pattern of white matter in the cerebellum. |
| When you were in lab and stabbed your partners right hand with a pencil, you expected their left hand to: | Extend |
| Our cerebrospinal fluid: | is secreted mostly by the choroid plexus found in the brain ventricles. |
| The fourth ventricle is going to be found next to the | Pons |
| A person awoke one morning with 1/2 of their face paralyzed. The doctor told them it was called Bell's Palsy and was due to: | inflammation or damage to the facial nerve. |
| When you look at a diagram of the spinal cord, you notice there is grey matter on the: | inside, white matter on the outside, and a ventral motor root. |
| The secretions of the adrenal medulla act to supplement the effects of: | Sympathetic stimulation. |
| The rough, thick, leathery meningeal layer is the | Dura mater (tough mother) |
| During lab next week after the test, I will be releasing a rabid bear into the room. Which of the following is most likely to be activated? | Sympathetic nervous system. |
| If the anterior portion of the nervous system failed to develop properly, ___ | the cerebral hemispheres would be affected. |
| The system whose synapses between the pre and post ganglionic neurons are all connected for a unified response is the _____ | Sympathetic nervous system. |
| If a person suffered brain trauma and could no longer hear, they probably suffered damage to the | Temporal lobe. |
| Your doctor did some reflex testing. Which of the following is most accurate about the reflexes he tested? | Generally have a protective function. |
| The corpora quadregemina help us to: | coordinate auditory and visual reflexes. |
| Anatomically the sympathetic nervous system is arranged for a whole body, unified response. Which of the following aids in this function? | Synapses near the spinal cord and by long postganglionic fibers. |
| The pathway carrying information from the Meissners corpuscles to the brain is the: | Fasciculi cuneatus and gracilis. |
| Johnny crashed his bike and then had problems hearing. Which nerve did he probably crush against his handlebars? | Vestibulocochlear |
| Trauma to the premotor cortex would most likely result in: | loss of skilled movements. |
| Feeling an unwanted but gentle caress on your arm would most likely involve all of the following except: | Answer: Pacinian corpuscles. Things that it does include: afferent neurons, meissners corpuscles, a slap in the face :) |
| A simple spinal reflex goes along which of the following reflex arcs? | receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector. |
| Emotions influence autonomic reactions primarly through integration in the: | hypothalamus. |
| The basal nuclei will include all of the following except: | Answer: Superior colliculi Things it does include: globus pallidus, lentiform nucleus, and the putamen. |
| When we are greatly emotional (like after winning the lottery), these emotional feelings show up as bodily changes due to: | hypothalamus. |
| All preganglionic axons of the autonomic nervous system release: | the same NT as the one released by parasympathetic postganglionic axons. |
| If the ventral root of a spinal nerve is cut, what would be the result in the tissue or region that nerve supplies? | a complete loss of voluntary movement. |
| The functions of the vestibulocochlear nerves concern: | hearing and balance |
| This area is the main visceral control center of the body: | hypothalamus |
| The site of reception and integration of information from sensory association areas to produce one common integrated thought. It is found in one hemisphere only. | Gnostic area. |
| A major relay station for sensory info ascending to primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex. Contains many specialized nuclei. | Thalamus. |
| The axons from this area form the major pyramidal tracts | primary motor cortex |
| Controlled by the hypothalamus | Sypathetic and para NS |
| chain ganglia | sympathetic NS |
| craniosacral division | sympathetic NS |
| acetylcholine receptors | para and sympathetic NS |
| norepinephrine | sympathetic NS |
| contriction of bronchioles | parasympathetic |
| The utricle and saccule work by: | vibrations bending tiny hairs and starting nervous impulses. |
| Farsightedness is more properly called ______ and can be corrected with a ________ lens. | hyperopia, convex |
| A chemical messenger sent into the blood to affect the function of a target issue is called: | a hormone. |
| Billy was on a long car ride and after a few hours on twisty, curvy roads, he did not feel so well. This is probably because: | a discrepancy between his eyes and the balance organs regarding motion. |
| When our blood Ca levels are _____, the hormone _____ will be released to cause bone resorption. | lowered; parathyroid hormone. |
| Virtually all of the protein based hormones exert their effects through: | 2nd messengers |
| The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a protein or peptide based hormone is dependent on: | the target cells having a cell surface receptor linked to a second messenger system. |
| The blind spot of the eye is | where the optic nerve leaves the eye. |
| 2 endocrine glands that are under direct control by the nervous system: | posterior pituitary and adrenal medulla. |
| Thyroid hormone comes in 2 forms. These forms are a result of: | addition of either 1 or 2 iodines to tyrosine molecules. |
| The hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system: | is responsible for carrying primarily releasing hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary. |
| As sound vibrations travel through the auditory ossicles, which ossicle would we find transferring the vibrations directly from the tympanic membrane? | Stapes |
| The pancreas maintains adequate levels of blood glucose. The cell type that would be most active after binging on Red Bull and Kripsy Kremes would be the ______ cell releasing the hormone ______. | beta cell; insulin |
| When rhodopsin is exposed to light, which of the following happens? | 11 cis retinaldehyde is converted to all trans. |
| The taste of sour seems to be predominant on which area of the tongue? | lateral edges. |
| The major tissue for antidiuretic hormone is | the kidneys. |
| What structure regulates the shape of the lens? | The ciliary body. |
| There are 3 layers of neurons in the retina. Which of the following layers forms the optic nerve? | ganglion cells. |
| Some hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the posterior pitu for storage. Control of their release would be: | neural impulses. |
| The hormone antidiuretic hormone | is released when the body is beginning to lack water. |
| When our retina is functioning correctly, visual information will be sent to which brain area? | occiptital lobe. |
| The receptors for static equilibrium (linear accelerations) are found in the | vestibule. |
| The thyroid hormones increase body temp and metabolism their influence by: | entering some cells and binding to intracellular receptors and affecting gene transcription. |
| The cAMP mechanism of hormone action operates through the hormone | binding to specific receptors and activating g proteins and protein kinases. |
| When a person's insulin levels in the blood are rising, the insulin is being released in order to | allow cells to bring glucose in for use as energy and lower blood glucose levels. |
| Corticotropin releasing hormone | causes the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary |
| Which of the following is not a protein based hormone? | Answer: aldosterone. The ones that are: epinephrine, ACTH, glucagon |
| All of the following is true about rods and cones: | rods respond to dime light and movement and are able to pick up shapes with very low acuity; cones percieve colors and work best when light levels are high; they all synapse with bipolar cells and release varying amounts of NT based on presence of light. |
| Which of the following does not participate in phototransduction? | Answer: Adenylate cyclase. Which are? Rods, rhodopsin, and the g protein tranducin. |
| Which of the following endocrine glands is going to be involved in the flight or fight response? | Adrenal gland. |
| The most important regulator of glucose concentrations in the blood is | insulin. |
| Which of the following is a possible cause of conduction deafness? | Big ball of ear wax. |
| A woman has been told that she is not synthesizing enough leutenizing hormone and for this reason she may be unable to have a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem. | LH causes the release of the egg and with not enough LH, no eggs are being released. |
| Select the correct statement about dynamic equilibrium: | Dynamic equilibrium can lose the perception of movement if the rotation continues at a constant rate. |
| Sound passes thorugh the following structures in which order? | Tympanic membrane, stapes, scala vestibuli, organ of corti. |
| Individuals with type 2 diabetes ___: | may often control their disease through diet and exercise. |
| Oxytocin: | is secreted by the neurohypophysis. |
| Thyroid hormone is to T3/T4 as glucocorticoid is to | cortisol. |
| The receptor cells in the oral and nasal cavities are normally stimulated by: | substances in solution. |
| Cretinism is a disease associated with: | lack of thyroid hormone. |
| The proper sequence for the Ca as a second messenger mechanism is: | Hormone binds receptor--> g protein activation -->phospholipase activation -->increase in Ca levels --> protein kinase activation. |
| Which of the following is true regarding sound transduction? | tiny hairs bend to produce action potentials on cells. |
| Glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with chronic stress. They accomplish this by: | mobilizing our energy resources by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure. |
| The located in the posterior part of the eye: | Vitreous humor. |
| The sensory layer of the eye: | retina |
| Connects to the lens: | suspensory ligaments. |
| The structure most responsible for focusing light rays that enter the eye: | Lens. |
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