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Bio Chapter 11 Final

QuestionAnswer
Mating factors in yeast Alpha and beta factors (corresponding chemical signaling molecules)
Signal transduction pathway Series of steps by which a signal on a cell's surface is converted to a specific cellular response
Quorum sensing Bacteria sense the local density of bacterial cells
Signal transduction pathway Reception --> Transduction --> Response
Biofilms Aggregations of bacteria that often form recognizable structures containing regions of specialized function
Types of local signaling Paracrine and synaptic signaling
Type of long-distance signaling Hormonal signaling
Paracrine signaling A secreting cell acts on a nearby target cell by discharging molecules of a local regulator (ex. growth factor) into the extracellular fluid
Synaptic signaling A nerve cell releases neurotransmitter molecules into a synapse, stimulating a target cell
Hormonal signaling Specialized endocrine cells secrete hormones into body fluids, often the blood. Hormones may reach virtually all body cells.
Communication by direct contact between cells Cell junctions and cell-cell recognition
Ligand A molecule that specifically binds to another molecule, often a larger one
Kinase An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups
Protein phosphates Enzymes that can rapidly remove phosphate groups from proteins, a process called dephosphorylation
Three types of membrane receptors G-protein coupled receptor, receptor tyrosine kinases. ion channel receptors
Earl Sutherland Epinephrine and liver cells
Epigenetic inheritance Inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms not directly involving the nucleotide sequence
Transcription factors Regulatory proteins that bind to DNA and affect transcription of specific genes
Created by: AliRutherford
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