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Science Final-mary
science final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| mineral | a naturally formed, inorganic solid that has a definite crystalline structure |
| element | a substance that cannot be separated or broken into simpler substances by chemical means |
| compound | a substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds |
| crystal | a solid whose atoms, ions or molecules are arranged in a definite pattern |
| silicate mineral | a mineral that contains a combination of silicon, oxygen and one of more metals |
| non-silicate mineral | a mineral that does not contain compounds of silicon or oxygen |
| Native elements | are minerals that are only composed of one or more element. native elements are used in communications and electronics equipment |
| carbonates | minerals that contain combinations of carbon and oxygen in their chemical structure. we use carbonate minerals in cement, building stones and fireworks. |
| Halites | compounds that from when fluorine, chlorine, iodine, or bromine combine with sodium, potassium, or calcium. |
| oxides | compounds that form when an element, such as aluminum or iron combines chemically with oxygen. |
| sulfates | minerals that contain sulfur and oxygen |
| sulfides | minerals that contain one or more elements such as lead, iron, or nickel combined sulfur |
| luster | the way in which a mineral reflects light |
| streak | the color of the powder of a mineral |
| cleavage | the splitting of a mineral along smooth flat surfaces |
| fracture | the manner in which a mineral breaks along either curved or irregular surfaces |
| hardness | a measure of the ability of a mineral to resist scratching |
| density | the ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume of the substance |
| fluorescence | calcite and fluorite glow under ultraviolet light |
| magnetism | both magnetite and pyrrhotite are natural magnets |
| taste | halite has a salty taste |
| chemical reaction | calcite will become bubbly or 'fizz' when a drop of weak acid is placed on it |
| optical properties | a thin clear piece of calcite places over an image will cause a double image |
| radioactivity | minerals that contain radium of uranium can be detected by a Geiger counter |
| ore | a natural material whose concentration of economically valuable minerals are high enough for the material to be mined profitably |
| reclamation | the process of returning land back to its original condition after mining is completed |
| metallic minerals | minerals that have a shiny surfaces and are good conductors of heat |
| nonmetallic minerals | minerals that are not shiny and that are not good conductors of heat |
| gemstones | nonmetallic minerals that are highly valued and used for beauty rather the usefulness |
| rock cycle | the series of processes in which a rock forms, changes from one type to another, is destroyed, and forms again by geological processes |
| erosion | the process by which wind, water, ice, or gravity transports soil and sediment from one location to another |
| deposition | the process by which mineral is laid down |
| composition | the chemical make-up of a rock; describes either the minerals or other materials in a rock |
| texture | the quality of a rock that is based on the sizes, shapes, and positions of the rocks grains |
| igneous rock | formed by the solidification of magma that can be either coarse of fine grained |
| intrusive igneous rock | rock formed from the cooling and solidification of magma BENEATH the earths surface |
| extrusive igneous rock | rock that forms as a result of volcanic activity at or near the earths surface |
| dikes | sheetlike intrusions that cut across previous rock units |
| sills | sheetlike intrusions that are oriented parallel rock units |
| batholiths | the largest igneous rock intrusions |
| stocks | intrusive bodies that are exposed over small areas |
| fissures | lava that flows out of large cracks in the earth |
| lava plateaus | plateaus when large amounts of lava cover an area of land |
| stratification | the process of arranging rock |
| sedimentary rock | rock formed from clay and sand grains cemented together |
| strata | layers of rock |
| metamorphic rock | rock changed by heat, pressure of a combination of both |
| foliated metamorphic rock | the texture of metamorphic rock in which the mineral grains are arranged in planes or bands |
| non-foliated rock | the texture of metamorphic rock in which the mineral grains are not arranged in planes of bands |
| deformation | a change in shape of a rock caused by force on it |
| uniformitarianism | a principle that states that geological processes that occurred in the past can be explained by current geological processes |
| catastrophism | a principle that states that geologic change occurs suddenly |
| paleontology | the scientific study of fossils |
| paleobotany | the study of plant fossils |
| relative dating | any method of determining whether on object is older or younger than other events or objects |
| superposition | a principle that states younger rocks lie above older rocks if they have not been disturbed |
| geologic column | an arrangement of rock layers in which older rocks are at the bottom |
| unconformity | a break in geologic record created when rock layers are eroded of when sediment is not deposited for a long period of time |
| disconformity | the most type where a parallel rock layer is missing |
| nonconformity | when sedimentary rock lays on top of an eroded surface |
| angular unconformity | when horizontal layers are tilted of folded |
| absolute dating | any method of measuring the age of an event of object in years |
| isotope | an atom that has the same number as protons but a different number of neutrons |
| radioactive decay | the process in which a radioactive isotope tends to break down into a stable isotope of the same or different element |
| radiometric dating | a method of determining the age of an object by estimating the relative percentages of a radioactive isotope and a stable isotope |
| half-life | the time needed for half of a sample of a radioactive substance to undergo radioactive decay |
| fossil | the remains or physical evidence of an organism preserved by geological processes |
| trace fossil | a fossilized mark that is formed in soft sediment by the movement of an animal |
| mold | a mark or cavity made in a sedimentary surface by a shell of other body |
| cast | a type of fossil remains that forms when sediments fill in the cavity left by an organism |
| index fossil | a fossil that is found in the rock layers of only one geologic age |
| geologic time scale | the standard method used to divide the earths long natural history into manageable parts |
| eon | the largest division in geologic time |
| era | a unit of geologic time that includes 2 or more periods |
| period | a unit which eras are divided |
| epoch | a subdivision of a period |
| extinction | death of every member in a species |
| index mineral rock | a certain rock used to date a period |
Created by:
marymoo
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