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Microbiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Microorganisms that have a prokaryotic cell structure include | bacteria and archaea |
| The individual who finally disproved the idea of spontaneous generation once and for all was | Louis Pasteur |
| All of the following groups of microorganisms contain cells that have cell walls except | protozoa |
| Which of the following is false concerning viruses | They contain cilia for motility |
| Which of the following is a properly formatted scientific name? | Clostridium difficile |
| Which of the following ways materials move across a membrane requires an input of energy, usually in the form of ATP? | active transport |
| Although it occurs in plants and algea, photosynthesis has never been observed in bacteria | False |
| It is important to study microbiology because most bacteria are pathogenic and are therefore harmful to humans | false |
| which of the following do microorganisms produce? | all of the above.. cheese, antibiotics, industrial chemicals, sauerkraut |
| which of the following groups of microorganisms contain cells that have organelles? | both B and C, fungi and protist |
| reactions in which larger molecules are assembled from smaller molecules are | anabolic |
| the synthesis of ATP using energy stored in the proton motive force is called | oxidative phosphorylation |
| eukaryotic microorganisms include | fungi and protists |
| a cell with a curved rod morphology would be considered a | vibrio |
| apoenzymes are composed of | proteins |
| How many molecules of CO2 are ultimately produced from each molecule of glucose during aerobic respiration? | 6 |
| Which of the following is true of microorganisms? | some produce fuels for human energy needs |
| Bacterial capsules play a role in each of the following except | motility |
| Each turn of the Krebs cycle (beginning with acetyl-CoA) produces how many molecules of NADH | 3 |
| Each turn of the Krebs cycle produces how many molecules of FADH2 | 1 |
| The Latinized system of naming and classifying microorganisms was devised by | Carolus Linnaeus |
| The movement of a cell toward or away from a stimulus is called | taxis |
| Microorganisms that produce beneficial growth factors, such a folic acid and vitamin K, are | part of the normal microbiota |
| Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions by lowering their _______ energy | activation |
| Which of the following are nonliving pathogens | viruses |
| What is the net gain of ATP from glycolysis | 2 |
| Spherical cells arranged in chains are called | streptococci |
| spirochetes move in a corkscrew motion using specialized flagella anchored to the sides of the cells called | axial filaments |
| teh cell wall of gram-negative bacteria differs from that of gram-positive bacteria in that the gram-negative cell wall has | an outer membrane |
| A total of ______ molecules of NADH are produced during glycolysis | 2 |
| Proteins that have been subjected to extreme temperatures of pH often become ___________ and lose their functionality | denatured |
| The outermost layer that provides structural strength and protects cells from osmotic lysis is the | cell wall |
| Which of the following reproduce by binary fission | archaea |
| During cellular respiration, molecules of pyruvic acid are converted to __________ which then enters the Krebs cycle | acetyl-CoA |
| The basic structure of peptidoglycan is | polysaccharides cross-linked by polypeptides |
| The study of how microorganisms interact and cycle nutrients in the environment is | microbial ecology |
| Which of the following is a group of microorganisms belonging to the animal kingdom | helminths |
| Aerobic respiration in prokaryotes yields a net total of _______ molecules of ATP per glucose | 38 |
| The waxy consistency of the cell wall of acid-fast bacteria is due to the presence of lipids called | Mycolic acids |
| The idea that living organisms arise from pre-existing life is know as | biogenesis |
| During cellular respiration, molecules of NADH and FADH2 are oxidized back to NAD+ and FAD by | components of the electron transport chain |
| The plasma membrane of most cells is composed of a _______ bilayer | phospholipid |
| Which of the following scientist showed that microorganisms are responsible for fermentations? | Louis Pasteur |
| During lactic acid fermentation, a net gain of _____ molecules of ATP is obtained for each molecule of glucose. | 2 |
| Each turn of the Krebs cycle producels ____ molecule(s) of ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation | 4 |
| The movement of molecules directly through a membrane from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration is | simple diffusion |
| The protection from a disease that a vaccine provides is called | immunity |
| During respiration, each molecule of glucose produces a total of _____ molecules of NADH from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle | 10 |
| In general, while eukaryotes have multiple paired chromosomes, prokaryotes have a single circular chromosome | true |
| Photosynthetic mircoorganisms inclue cyanobacteria and fungi | false |
| When lysozyme breaks down a bacterial cell wall, it creates a protoplast that is susceptible to osmotic lysis | true |
| bacteria reproduce by forming endospores | false |
| protein synthesis is catalyzed by ribosomes, which consist of large and small subunits | true |
| feedback inhibition depends on the presence of an enzyme with a noncompetitive (allosteric) binding site in a metabolic pathway | true |
| similar to plants, algea are microorganisms that produce oxygen (O2) during photosynthesis | true |
| an oxidation reaction is always accompanied by a chemical reduction | true |
| during fermentation, ATP is synthesized only by a substrate-level phosphorylation | true |
| Liquids are sterilized in a heating process called pasteurization | flase |
| Gram-negative bacteria contain an endotoxin in their cell wall called lipid A | True |
| A holoenzyme is an apoenxyme with its corresponding cofactor attached | True |
| The fungi are a group of microorganisms that include both unicellular and multicellular forms | true |
| In eukaryotes, the Krebs cycle occurs in the cytoplasm | False |
| A cell would be in danger of bursting in a hypertonic environment | False |
| Early proponent of hand washing in clinical practice | Ignaz Semmelweis |
| Defeated spontaneous generation using S-Shaped flasks | Louis Pasteur |
| He was the first to microscopically observe bacteria | Antonia van Leeuwenhoek |
| developed a method to determine causative agents of disease | Robert Koch |
| Reported that living organisms are composed of cells | Robert Hooke |
| In relation to microorganisms, growth is defined as | an increase in cell numbers |
| Which of the following methods provides an indirect measurements of microbial growth | turbidity |
| Bacteria that are carrying out nitrogen fixation are using _________ as a nitrogen source | N2 |
| Phosphorus is a nutrient require for synthesis of | all of the above... DNA, cell membranes, ATP |
| If you observe that a species of bacteria grows rapidly in the presence of O2 and more slowly in the complete absence of O2, it is most likely a(n) | facultative aerobe |
| A growth medium consisting of ingredients that include extracts and protein digests would be | complex |
| An organism that grows optimally at 37C would be a | mesophile |
| WHich of the following could be properly used as an antiseptic | isoprophyl alcohol |
| Phenolic compounds kill or inhibit growth of microorganisms primarily by disrupting | the structural integrity of membranes |
| Which of the following inhibits but does not kill microorganisms | a bacteriostatic agents |
| An organism that grows only in the complete absence of O2 would probably be a(n) | strict anerobe |
| Which of the following process results in the complete elimination of all viable microorganisms and viruses | sterilization |
| In all cells, genes are composed of | DNA |
| The codon UAA on a mRNA molecule results in | the termination of translation |
| Which of the following methods would provide the most accurate measurement of the number of living cells/ml in a culture | serial dilution plate counts |
| In which of the following growth phases of a culture does population growth cease | stationary |
| WHich of the following would most likely be used to sterilize a gas | HEPA filters |
| which of the following environmental factors influences growth | all of the above influence growth: pH, Oxygen (O2), moisture and nutrient content, osmotic pressure |
| Which of the following cannot be a product of transcription | a new strand of DNA |
| Ionizing radiation is a potent mutagen because it | produces free radical ions in cells that destroy nucleic acids and proteins |
| the time between inoculation of a culture medium and the beginning of growth is called the | lag phase |
| If a single growing cell divides every 20 minutes, how many cells will be present in a colony derived from this cell after 3 hours? | 512 |
| A species of bacteria isolated from glacial ice was found to grow optiomally at 4C. This organism is best described as a | psychrophile |
| Transcription and translation of a gene can occur simultaneously in | prokaryotic cells |
| In a DNA double helix, adenine forms a complementary base pair with _____. while cytosine forms a complementary base pair with _______ | thymine/guanine |
| If RNA polymerase adds a uracil nucleotide to a growing strand of RNA during transcription, what nucleotide base would you expect to be on the DNA template (i.e., the gene) at that site? | adenine |
| which of the following statements is flase concerning DNA replication in bacteria | DNA ligase breaks hydrogen bonds between strands to form replication forks |
| Which of the following groups of elements are required in especially large amounts by cells | carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus |
| The energy that powers DNA replication comes from | hydrolysis of phosphates from incoming nulceoside triphosphates |
| THe enzyme that allows some bacteria to use N2 as a source of nitrogen is | nitrogenase |
| the termination of transcription is signaled by | RNA polymerase encountering the terminator of a gene |
| The enzyme that allows some bacteria to use N2 as a source of nitrogen is | nitrogenase |
| The termination of transcription is signaled by | RNA polymerase encountering the terminator of a gene |
| The enxyme that adds nucleotides to the newly synthesized, daughter DNA strand during replication is | DNA polymerase |
| During the elogation phase of translation charged tRNA molecules bind to the ribosome at the | A site |
| DNA damaged by ultraviolet radiation | can be cut ou and repaired by nucleotide excision |
| In a tube of culture medium containing an oxygen gradient, you observe growth only on the surgace of the medium. These bacteria would therefore be | Obligate aerobes |
| Which of the following is an example of a codon that could be found on a molecule of MRNA | UCA |
| Which of the following is a disinfectant that should never be used on living tissue | phenol |
| Which of the following is false concerning ribosomes | The interact directly with genes to produce a protein |
| In which of the following environments would you expect to find a halophile | Dead Sea |
| Which of the following classes of antimicrobial agents would most likely be used as preservatives in foods | organic acids |
| which of the following destroys DNA by breaking phosphodiester bonds | ionizing radiation |
| a bacterium growing in a freshwater Antarctic lake that has a very high pH would be both | alkaliphilic and psychrophilic |
| Promoters are specific sequence of ______ that are recoginized by _____ | DNA / RNA polymerase |
| Which of the following is most resistant to antimicrobial chemicals | endospores |
| The first amino acid to be incorporated into a newly synthesized protein is always | methionine |
| which of the following molecules contains an anticodon | tRNA |
| Ultraviolet radiation harms cells by causing | the formation of thymine dimers |
| Which of the following correctly describes the effect of a missense mutation | a different amino acide will be substituted for the original |
| which of the following is false regarding DNA in living cells | it consists of a double helix of two covalently bonded DNA strands |
| Which of the following mutates DNA by mimiking the structure of nucleotide bases | nucleoside analogs |
| the fastest growth of a bacterial culture occurs during the lag phase | flase |
| molecules of TRNA and rRNA play bital roles in protein synthesis but are not themselves thranslated into proteins | true |
| the "Backbone" of a strand of DNA consists of alternating deoxyribose sugars and phosphate molecules | true |
| according the the genetic code, most amino acids are encoded by only a single codon | flase |
| multiple ribosomes are often translate a single mRNA molecule simultaneously | true |
| mutations can cause permanent genetic changes in an organism | true |
| DNA replication on the leading strand is carried out discontinuously in small sections called Okazaki fragments | False |
| Most bacteria that cause disease in humans are thermophilic | flase |
| tRNA molecules bound to the E site of the ribosome are uncharged | True |
| a frameshift mutation results from either the insertion or deletion of a base pair from a molecule of DNA | true |
| a biosafety level 2 laboratory requires that all laboratory technicians wear airtight safety suits with respirators | false |
| foods with high levels of salt and or sugar inhibit growth of microorganisms by causing plasmolysis of contaminating cells | true |
| three types of RNA are necessary for the synthesis of proteins | true |
| the agar added to some growth media is an excellent source of amino acids for growing cells | false |
| some microorganisms grow best in temperatures exceeding that of boiling water (100C) | true |
| the RNA synthesizing enxyme active during transcription | RNA polymerase |
| synthesizes phosphodiester bons in DNA | DNA ligase |
| a DNA - synthesizing enzyme active during replication | DNA polymerase |
| removes hydrogen bonds between two strands of DNA | Helicase |
| Synthesizes short RNA fragments during DNA replication | Primase |
| the genome of a virus is composed of | either DNA or RNA |
| on a petri dish, cleared zones due to lysis of bacterial cells by bacterial cells by bacteriophages are called | plaques |
| in which of the following does a bacteriophage incorporate its genes into the host chromosome | the lysogenic cycle |
| Symptoms of a disease differ from signs of a disease in that symptoms are | changes in body function felt by the patient |
| which of the following is not used to cultivate viruses | sterile cluture media |
| which of the following is an example of a disease caused by a prion | mad cow disease |
| which of the following statements is true about symbiotic relationships | in parastitsm, one organism benefits at the expense of the other |
| a bite from an infected mosquito is an example of ____ transmission | vector |
| most nosocomial infections are caused by species of | staphylococcus |
| once inside a host cell, an animal virus separates its nucleic acid from the capsid; this is called | uncoating |
| Infection by an oncogenic virus can trigger uncontroled division of host cells, this can lead to the development of a mass of tissue called a(n) | tumor |
| Which of the following classifications of dieases is spread easily from one host to another | contagious disease |
| the most common cause of severe diarrhea in infants and toddlers is | rotavirus |
| an enzyme that is not found in healthy cells but is essential to the replication of retroviruses is | reverse transcriptase |
| which of the following types of infections is limited to a relatively small area of the body | local infection |
| which of the following is an innate immune response | the production of B and T memory cells |
| which of the following is an adaptive immune response | the activation and differentiation of a TH cell |
| Which of the following is not considered a predisposing factor for disease | all of the above are predisposing factors for disease: age, gender, climate, nutrition |
| A fly carrying contaminated feces on its feet and legs lands on your hamburger, and you take a bite and consequently become ill from E.Coli infection. this is an example of __________ transmission of disease | mechanical |
| all of the following are phagocytic cells except | Tc Cells |
| All of the following are antigen-presenting cells (APC's) except | eosinophils |
| Inanimate objects that can spread disease are called | antigens |
| which of the following contributes to the incidence of nosocomial infections | all of the above contribute: direct contact with the patient by hospital staff, presence of an infectious agent, immune compromised patients |
| The site on an antigen to which an antibody binds is called the | epitope (antigenic determinant) |
| Which of the following is not considered a first line of defense to infection | inflammation |
| which of the following immune cells has the primary function of killing parasitic worms (helminths)? | eosinophils |
| the causative agent of warts in humans is a tumorigenic DNA virus called | human papillomavirus |
| Which of the following cleeular organelles plays a key role in phagocytosis | lysosome |
| What is present on the surface of a phagocyte that allows recognition and binding of a microorganism | Toll-like receptors (TLRs) |
| Which of the following does not occur from activation of the complement system | antibody production |
| The function of the ciliary escalator is to | prevent microorganisms from entering the lower respiratory tract |
| The complement system cascade is the same for the classical pathway, alternative pathway, and lectin pathway beginning with the splitting and activation of | C3 |
| Which of the following is a vector of disease transmission | a mosquito harboring West Nile virus |
| WHich class of antibodies crosses the placenta and is received byt the fetus | IgG |
| The study of disease is called | pathology |
| which of the following recognized antigens presented on MHC class II | TH Cells |
| which of the following recognizes and destroys virus-infected cells by binding to antigen presented on MHC class I | TC cells (CTLs) |
| The causative agent of all spongiform encephalopathies is a(n) | an infectious protein |
| Because _____________ can be transferred from mother to child during birth, infected mothers should have C-section deliveries | hepatitis B virus |
| Which mechanism of complement activation requires antibodies bound to antigen | classical pathway |
| Characteristics of inflammation include all but which of the following | Vasoconstriction |
| The part of the brain that is responsible for initiating fever in response to infection is the | hypothalamus |
| when the common cold is transmitted by an uncovered sneeze, it is an example of | droplet transmission |
| The person likely to be most interested in the prevalence of yellow fever in Central America would be a(n) | epidemiologist |
| If an outbreak of influenza A in North America was unable to be contained and consequently spread to Australia, Europe, and Asia through travelers, the incident would best be described as | a pandemic |
| In a population where 90% of the individuals are immune to a disease, the remaining 10% of the population is unlikely to acquire the disease despite being susceptible to it. This is a phenomenon called | herd immunity |
| Dimer that is present in body secretions, such as breast milk and mucus | IgA |
| Crosses the placenta and is passed from mother to fetus | IgG |
| Found on mast cells and targets parasitic worms for destruction | IgE |
| Exists as a pentamer in Blood serum and agglutinates microorganisms | IgM |
| Found on B cells and initiates an immune response by an unknown mechanism | IgD |
| Protein coat surrounding the nucleic acid of a virus | capsid |
| Protein subunits that make up the viral protein coat | capsomere |
| requires a host cell to live and reproduce | obligate intracellular parasite |
| spectrum of host cells that a particular virus can infect | host range |
| a complete, assembled virus that has exited a host cell | virion |
| a phagocyte that is an antigen-presenting cell | dendritic cell |
| destroys virus-infected and cancer cells by cytolysis | NK cell |
| produce histamine to trigger inflammation | basophil |
| a quick-responding and numerous phagocytic cell | neutrophil |
| produces and secretes antibodies | plasma cell |
| antibodies block the ability of a pathogen/toxin to harm host cells | neutralization |
| clumping of antigens due to antibody binding | agglutination |
| proliferation of B cells that bind to and recognize a specific antigen | clonal selection |
| destruction of B cells that recognize self antigens | clonal deletion |
| enhanced phagocytosis due to antigen coated with antibodies/C3b | opsonization |
| what is the name of the enzyme RNA virus use to make a complimentary strand of RNA from an RNA template | RNA replicase |
| Worldwide, the transmission of rabies to humans usually occurs through | dog bites |
| which of the following bacteria is a foodborne pathogen that reproduces inside phagocytes and can be transmitted across the placenta to a fetus, often causing spontaneous abortion | listeria monocytogenes (listeriosis) |
| what is the leading cause of blindness worldwide | trachoma, caused by Chlamydia trachomatis |
| Which of the following is a potent neurotoxin that blocks the relaxation pathway in muscles, thereby causing spastic paralysis? | tetanospasmin |
| Infection by Pediculus humanus capitis causes pediculosis, a condition that is most effectively treated with | Topical insecticides |
| People who do not typically wear shoes are most susceptible to the tropical skin infection _________ which is caused by soil fungi that enter the dermis through small breaks in the skin | madura foot |
| In general, over the past 30 years, cases of poliomyelitis have _____ worldwide | decreased |
| By which mechanism does the antiviral drug acyclovir work | it acts as a nucleoside analog |
| B-lactam antibiotics are produced naturally by | fungi |
| which of the following are narrow-spectrum antibiotics that specifically inhibit mycobacteria | isoniazids |
| What disease caused by a protozoan is transmitted to humans through the tsetse fly | African Tryponosomiasis |
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