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Vocabscience90
science vocab- 90 words for final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| mineral | naturally formed, inorganic solid that has a definite crystalline structure |
| element | substance that can not be separated or broken down into simpler substances by chemical means |
| compound | substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds |
| crystals | solid whose atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite pattern |
| silicate minerals | minerals that contains a combination of silicon, oxygen, and one or more metals |
| nonsilicate minerals | mineral that doesn't contain compounds of silicon and oxygen |
| streak | the color of the power of a mineral |
| cleavage | splitting of a mineral along smooth, flat surfaces |
| Fracture | the manner in which a mineral breaks along either curved or irregular surfaces |
| hardness | a measure of the ability of a mineral to resist scratching |
| density | ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume of the substance |
| ore | natural material whose concentration of economically valuable minerals is high enough for the material to be mined profitably |
| reclamation | process of returning land to its original condition after mining is completed |
| streak | color of the powder of a mineral |
| native elements | minerals that are composed of only one element. |
| Carbonates | minerals that contain combinations of carbon and oxygen |
| halides | compounds that form when fluorine, chlorine, iodine, or bromine combine with sodium, potassium, or calcium |
| oxides | are compounds that form when a element combines chemically with oxygen |
| sulfates | mineral that contains sulfur and oxygen,SO4, sulfates are used in toothpaste, cement, cosmetics, and paint |
| sulfides | minerals that contain one or more elements such as lead, iron, or nickel |
| luster | way in which a mineral reflects light |
| special properties | some properties are particular to only a few types of minerals |
| fluorescence | calcite and fluorite glow under ultraviolet light |
| chemical reaction | calcite will become bubbly or fizz when a drop of weak acid is placed upon it |
| optical properties | thin, clear piece of calcite placed over an image will cause a double image |
| magnetism | both magnetite and pyrrhotite are natural magnets that attract iron |
| taste | halite has a salty taste |
| radioactivity | minerals that contain radium or uranium can be detected by a Geiger counter |
| nonmetallic minerals | shiny or dull surfaces, light may pass through them, and are good insulators of electricity |
| metallic minerals | shiny surfaces, don't let light go through them, and are good conductors of heat ans electricity |
| gemstones | some nonmetallic minerals, used for beauty and color is most important characteristic |
| rock cycle | series of processes in which a rock forms, changes from 1 type to another, is destroyed, and forms again by geological processes |
| erosion | proces by which wind,water,ice, or gravity transports soil and sediment from one location to another |
| deposition | process in which material is laid down |
| composition | the chemical makeup of a rock; describes either the minerals or other materials in the rock |
| texture | quality of a rock that is based on size, shapes, and position of the rock's grains |
| igneous rock | forms from magma, cools and solidifies. Type; depends on composition of magma and the amount of time it takes to cool |
| intrusive igneous rock | rock formed from the cooling and solidification of magma beneath Earth's surface |
| extrusive igneous rock | rock that forms as a result of volcanic activity at or near Earth's surface |
| dikes | sheet like intrusions that cut across previous rock units |
| sills | sheetlike intrusions that are oriented parallel to previous rock units |
| batholiths | largest igneous intrusions |
| stocks | intrusive bodies that are exposed over smaller areas than batholiths |
| fissures | sometimes lava erupts and flows from long cracks in the Earth's crust |
| lava plateaus | when a large amount of lava flows out of fissures onto land, the lava can cover a large area and form a plain |
| stratification | process in which sedimentary rocks are arranged in layers |
| strata | a single horizontal layer of rock |
| foliated metamorphic rock | texture of metamorphic rock in which the mineral grains are arranged in planes or bands |
| non-foliated metamorphic rock | the texture of metamorphic rock in which the mineral grains aren't arranged in planes or bands |
| deformation | change in the shape of a rock caused by a force put on it |
| uniformitarianism | principle that states that geologic processes that occurred in the past can be explained by current geologic processes |
| catastrophism | principle that states that geologic change occurs suddenly |
| paleontology | scientific study of fossils |
| paleontology | scientific study of past fossil plants |
| relative dating | any method of determining whether an event or object is older or younger than other events or objects |
| superposition | a principle that states that younger rock lie above older rocks if the layers haven't been disturbed |
| geologic column | arrangement of rock layers in which the oldest rocks are at the bottom |
| unconformity | break in the geologic record when rock layers are eroded or when sediment didn't deposit for a long time |
| disconformity | part of a sequence of parallel rock layers are missing |
| nonconformity | found when horizontal sedimentary rock layers lie on top of an eroded surface of older rock |
| angular unconformity | found between horizontal layers of sedimentary rock and layers ofrock that have been folded or tilted |
| absolute dating | any method of measuring the age of an event or object in years |
| isotope | an atom that has the same number of protons as other atoms of the same elements do but that has a different number of neutrons |
| radioactive decay | the process in which a radioactive isotope tends to break down into a stable isotope of the same elements or another element |
| radiometric dating | a method of determining the age of an object by estimating the relative percentages of a parent isotope and a daughter isotope |
| half-life | time needed for half of a sample of a radioactive substance to undergo radioactive decay |
| fossil | remains or physical evidence of an organism preserved by geological process |
| trace fossil | fossilized mark that id formed in soft sediment by movement of an animal |
| mold | mark or cavity made in a sedimentary surface by a shell or other body |
| cast | type of fossil that forms when sediments fill in the cavity left vy a decomposed organism |
| index fossil | fossil that is found in the rock layers of only one geologic age and that is used to establish the age of the rock layers |
| geologic time scale | the standard method used to divide the earth's long natural history into manageable parts |
| eon | largest division of geologic time |
| era | a unit of geologic time that includes 2 or more periods |
| period | unit of geologic time that includes two or more periods |
| epoch | subdivision of a geologic periods |
| extinction | death of every member of species |
| index mineral | estimate the temp., depth, and pressure at which a rock undergoes metamorphism |
| metamorphic rock | Rock that was once one form of rock but has changed to another under the influence of heat, pressure, |
| sedimentary rock | Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the deposition of material at the Earth's surface and within bodies of water. |
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Emmalou2
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