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Final for 1 semester
Finals
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Mineral | a naturally formed organic solid that has a defined crystalline structure |
| element | a substance that can not be separated or broken down into simpler substances by chemical means |
| compound | a substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds |
| crystal | a solid whose atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite pattern |
| silicate minerals | a mineral containing a combo of silicon oxygen and one or more metals |
| nonsilicate minerals | a mineral that does not contain compounds of silicon and oxygen |
| native elements | are minerals that are only composed of only one or more elements |
| carbonates | minerals that contain combinations of carbon and oxygen in their chemical structure |
| halides | compounds that form when fluorine chlorine iodine or bromine combine with sodium potassium or calcium |
| oxides | compounds that form when an element such as aluminum or iron combines chemical with oxygen |
| sulfates | minerals containing sulfer and oxygen S04 |
| sulfides | minerals that contain one or more elements such as lead iron or nickel combined with sulfur |
| luster | the way a mineral reflects light |
| streak | the color of the powder of a mineral |
| cleavage | the splitting of a mineral of a mineral along a smooth flat surface |
| fracture | the manner in which in which a mineral breaks along either curved or irregular shapes |
| hardness | a measure of the ability of a mineral to resist scratching |
| density | the ratio of a mass of a substance to the volume of a substance |
| special properties of a mineral | are properties that are particular to only a few types of minerals |
| fluorescence | calcite and fluorite glow under ultraviolet light |
| optical properties | a thin piece of calcite placed over an image will cause double images |
| chemical reaction | calcite will become bubbly or fizz when a drop of weak acid is placed on it |
| magnetism | both magnetite and phrrhotite are natural magnets that attract iron. |
| taste | halite tastes salty |
| radioactivity | minerals that contain radium or uranium can be detected by a Geiger counter |
| ore | a natural material whose concentration of economically valuable minerals id high enough for the mineral to be mined profitably |
| reclamation | the process of returning land to its original condition after mining is complete |
| nonmetalic | have shiny or dull surfaces may let light pass through through them and are good insulators of electricity |
| metallic minerals | have shiny surfaces and do not let light pass through them and are good conductors of heat and electricity |
| gemstones | highly valued for their beauty and rarity rather than their usefulness |
| rock | a naturally ocurring solid mixture of one or more minerals or organic matter |
| rock cycle | the series of processes in which a rock forms changes from one type to another is destroyed and forms again by geological processes |
| erosion | the process in which wind water ice or gravity transport soil and sediment from one location to another |
| deposition | the process in which material is laid down |
| composition | the chemical makeup of a rock; describes either the minerals or other materials in the rock |
| texture | the quality of a rock that is based on the sizes shapes and positions of the rocks grains |
| igneous rock | forms by cooled magma |
| intrusive igneous rock | rock formed from the cooling and solidification of magma beneath the earths surface |
| extrusive igneous rock | rock that forms as a result of volcanic activity at or near the Earth's surface |
| dikes | sheet like intrusions that cut across previous rock units |
| sills | sheet like intrusions that are oriented parallel to previous rock units |
| batholiths | the largest of all igneous intrusions |
| stocks | are intrusive bodies that are exposed over smaller areas that batholiths |
| fissures | long cracks that sometimes lava erupts and flows through |
| lava plateaus | when a large amount of lava flows out of fissures onto land and can cover a large area and form a plane |
| stratification | the process in which sedimentary rocks are arranged in layers |
| sedimentary rock | are formed through the process of erosion and are eventually the sediment is deposited into layers forming sedimentary rock |
| strata | the layers of rock |
| metamorphic rock | forms by the change in temperature or pressure in a new environment |
| non foliated metamorphic rock | the texture of a metamorphic rock in which the mineral grains are not arranged in planes or bands |
| foliated metamorphic rocks | the texture of metamorphic rock in which the mineral grains are arranged in planes or bands |
| deformation | is a change in the shape of a rock caused by a force placed upon it |
| uniformitarianism | a principle that stets that geologic processes that occurred in the past can be explained by current geologic processes |
| catastrophism | a principle that states that geologic changes occurs suddenly |
| paleontology | a scientific study of fossils |
| paleobotany | the study of fossils of plants |
| relative dating | any method of determining whether an event or object is older or younger than other events or objects |
| superposition | a principle that states that younger rocks lie above older rocks if the layers have not been disturbed |
| geologic column | an arrangement of rock layers in which the oldest rocks are at the bottom |
| unconformity | a break in the geologic record created when rock layers are eroded or sediment is not deposited for a long period of time |
| disconformity | is the most common type of unconformity and is found where part of a sequence of parallel rock layers is missing |
| nonconformity | are found when horizontal sedimentary rock layers lie on top of an eroded surface of older intrusive igneous or metamorphic rock |
| angular uncomformity | are found between horizontal layers of sedimentary rock and layers of rock that have been tilted or folded |
| absolute dating | any method of measuring the age of an event or object in years |
| isotope | an atom that has the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons |
| radioactive decay | the process in which a radioactive isotope tends to break down into a stable isotope of the same element or another element |
| radiometric dating | a method of determining the age of an object by estimating the relative percentages of an isotope (parent) and a stable (daughter) isoptope |
| half-life | the time needed for half of sample of a radioactive substance to undergo radioactive decay |
| fossil | the remains or physical evidence of an organism preserved by geological processes |
| trace fossil | a fossilized mark that is formed in soft sediment by the movement of an animal |
| mold | a mark or cavity made in a sedimentary surface by a shell or other body |
| cast | a type of fossil that forms when sediments fill in the cavity left by a decomposed organism |
| index fossil | a fossil that is found in the rock layers of only one geologic age that is used to establish of the rock layers |
| geologic time scale | the standard method used to divide the earth's long natural history into manageable parts |
| era | a unit of geologic time that includes two or more periods |
| eon | the largest division of geologic time |
| period | a unit of geologic time into which eras are divided |
| epoch | a subdivision of a geologic period |
| extinction | the death of every number of a species |
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maggie_mullen
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