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Science Study Guide
Study Guide for 7th Grade First Semester Finals
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a mineral? | A naturally formed, inorganic solid that has a definite crystalline structure. |
| What is an element? | A substance that cannot be separated or broken down into simpler substances by chemical means. |
| What is a compound? | A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds. |
| What is a crystal? | A solid whose atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite pattern. |
| What is a silicate mineral? | A mineral that contains a combination of silicon, oxygen, and one or more elements. |
| What is a nonsilicate mineral? | A mineral that does not contain compounds of silicon and oxygen. |
| What is a native element? | A mineral that is composed of only one element. |
| What are carbonates? | Carbonates are minerals than contain combinations of carbon and oxygen in their chemical structure. |
| What are halides? | Halides are compounds that form when fluorine, chlorine, iodine, or bromine combine with sodium, potassium, or calcium. |
| What are oxides? | Oxides are compounds that form when an element, such as aluminum or iron combines chemically with oxygen. |
| What are sulfates? | Sulfates are minerals that contain sulfur and oxygen. |
| What are sulfides? | Sulfides are minerals that contain one or more elements, such as lead, iron, or nickel that combine with sulfur. |
| What is luster? | The way in which a mineral reflects light. |
| What is streak? | The color of the powder of a mineral. |
| What is cleavage? | The splitting of a mineral along smooth, flat surfaces. |
| What is fracture? | The manner in which a mineral breaks along either curved or irregular surfaces. |
| What is hardness? | A measure of the ability of a mineral to resist scratching. |
| What is density? | The ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume of the substance. |
| What are special properties of minerals? | Special properties of minerals are properties that are particular to only a few types of minerals that can help you quickly identify the mineral. |
| What is fluorescence? | Fluorescence is the ability of calcite and fluorite to glow under ultraviolet light. |
| What are optical properties? | Optical properties is the ability of a thin, clear piece of calcite to cause a double image when it is placed over an image. |
| What is a chemical reaction? | A chemical reaction is the ability of calcite to become bubbly when a drop of weak acid is placed on it. |
| What is magnetism? | Both magnetite and pyrrhotite are natural magnets that attract iron. |
| What is taste? | Taste is the ability of halite to have a salty flavor. |
| What is radioactivity? | Minerals that contain radium or uranium which can be detected by a Geiger counter. |
| What is an ore? | A natural material whose concentration of economically valuable minerals is high enough for the material to be mine profitably. |
| What is reclamation? | The process of returning land to its original condition after mining is completed. |
| What are nonmetallic minerals? | Minerals that have shiny or dull surfaces, may let light pass through them, and are good insulators of electricity. |
| What are metallic minerals? | Minerals that have shiny surfaces, do not let light pass through them, and are good conductors of heat and electricity. |
| What are gemstones? | Nonmetallic minerals that are highly valued for their beauty and rarity rather than for their usefulness. |
| What is index mineral rock? | Metamorphic minerals that form only at certain temperatures and pressures that are used to estimate the temperature, depth, and pressure at which a rock undergoes metamorphism. |
| What is the rock cycle? | The series of processes in which a rock forms, changes from one type to another, is destroyed, and forms again by geologic processes. |
| What is erosion? | The process by which wind, water, ice, or gravity transports soil and sediment from one location to another. |
| What is deposition? | The process in which material is laid down. |
| What is composition? | The chemical makeup of a rock; describes either the mineral or other materials in the rock. |
| What is texture? | The quality of a rock that is base on the sizes, shapes, and positions of the rock's grains. |
| What is igneous rock? | Rock that begins as magma, and the magma cools and solidifies to form igneous rock. |
| What is intrusive igneous rock? | Rock formed from the cooling and solidification of magma beneath the Earths surface. |
| What is extrusive igneous rock? | Rock that forms as a result of volcanic activity at or near the Earth's surface. |
| What are dikes? | Sheetlike intrusions that cut across previous rock units. |
| What are sills? | Sheetlike intrusions that are oriented parallel to previous rock units. |
| What are batholiths? | The largest of all igneous intrusions. |
| What are stocks? | Intrusive bodies that are exposed over smaller areas than batholiths. |
| What are fissures? | Long cracks in the Earth's surface that lava flows from. |
| What are lava plateaus. | Lava that covers a large area when a large amount of lava flows out of fissures onto land and forms a plain. |
| What is stratification? | The process in which sedimentary rocks are arranged in layers. |
| What is sedimentary rock? | Rock that forms when sediment is moved from one place to another, is deposited into layers, is compacted, and the dissolved minerals separate from water sedimentary rock is formed. |
| What is strata? | Strata is layers of rock. |
| What is metamorphic rock? | Rocks that form through the process of metamorphism which is an increase in temperature and pressure that changes the composition of a rock. |
| What is foliated metamorphic rock? | Metamorphic rock that usually contains aligned grains of flat minerals, such as biotite mica or chlorite. |
| What is nonfoliated metamorphic rock? | Rocks that do not have mineral grains that are aligned. |
| What is deformation? | Deformation is a change in the shape of a rock cause by a force planted on it. |
| What is uniformitarianism? | A principle that states that geologic processes that occurred in the past can be explained by current geologic processes. |
| What is catastrophism? | A principle that states that geologic change occurs suddenly. |
| What is paleontology? | Paleontology is the scientific study of plants. |
| What is paleobotany? | Paleobotany is the scientific study of plants. |
| What is relative dating? | Relative dating is any method of determining whether an event or object is older or younger that other events or objects. |
| What is superposition? | A principle that states that younger rocks lie above older rocks if the layers have not been disturbed. |
| What is the geologic column? | The geologic column is an arrangement of rock layers in which the oldest rocks are at the bottom. |
| What is an unconformity? | An unconformity is a break in the geologic record created when rock layers are eroded or when sediment is not deposited for a long period of time. |
| What is a disconformity? | Disconformities are the most common types of unconformities that are found where part of a sequence of parallel rock layers is missing. |
| What is a nonconformity? | Nonconformities are found where horizontal sedimentary rock layers lie on top of an eroded surface of older intrusive igneous or metamorphic rock. |
| What is an angular unconformity? | An angular unconformity is found between horizontal layers of sedimentary rock and layers of rock that have been tilted or folded. |
| What is absolute dating? | Absolute dating is any method of measuring the age of an event or object in years. |
| What is an isotope? | An isotope is an atom that has the same number of protons (or the same atomic number) as other atoms of the same element do but that has a different number of neutrons (and thus a different atomic mass. |
| What is radioactive decay? | Radioactive decay is the process in which a radioactive isotope tends to break down into a stable isotope of the same element or another element. |
| What is radiometric dating? | Radiometric dating is a method of determining the age of an object by estimating the relative percentages of a radioactive (parent) isotope and a stable (daughter) isotope. |
| What is a half-life? | A half-life is the time needed for half of a sample of a radioactive substance to undergo radioactive decay. |
| What is a fossil? | A fossil is the remains or physical evidence of an organism preserved by geological processes. |
| What is a trace fossil? | A trace fossil is a fossilized mark that is formed in soft sediment by the movement of an animal. |
| What is a mold? | A mold is a mark or cavity made in a sedimentary surface by a shell or other body. |
| What is a cast? | A cast is a type of fossil that forms when sediments fill in the cavity left by a decomposed organism. |
| What is an index fossil? | An index fossil is a fossil that is found in the rock layers of only one geologic age and that is used to establish the age of the rock layers. |
| What is the geologic time scale? | The geologic time scale is the standard method used to divide the Earth's long natural history into manageable parts. |
| What is an era? | An era is a unit of geologic time that includes two or more periods. |
| What is an eon? | An eon is the largest division of geologic time. |
| What is a period? | A period is a unit of geologic time into which eras are divided. |
| What is an epoch? | An epoch is a subdivision of geologic time. |
| What is extinction? | Extinction is the death of every member of a species. |
Created by:
AidanW
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