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Biology 221 Test 4
Heart, Respiratory, Excretory, Immune, Nervous, Senses, Endocrine
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 2nd Messenger | A signal molecule that activates a cellular response |
| Acetylcholine | neurotransmitter in both the PNS and the CNS. One of many neurotransmitters in the autonomic nervous system |
| ACTH | Adrenocorticotropic hormone. Secreted by anterior pituitary gland. produced in response to stress. |
| Action potential | A nerve impulse. Na+ flood into the cell from the gated channels. |
| adaptation | Sensory adaptation - the effect of a stimulus is reduced if it continues at a constant pace. |
| ADH | Antidiuretic hormone. Stops urine from being created to conserve water. Alcohol prohibits. |
| adrenal cortex | Outside layer of the adrenal glands which secrete two major types of steroids. Glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. |
| adrenal medulla | central region of the adrenal glands which secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine. |
| adrenaline | epinephrine. secreted by adrenal medulla in response to stress. |
| aldosterone | mineralocorticoid secreted by adrenal cortex. responsible for K+ and Na+ balance in cell function. |
| all-or-none | strength of nerve or muscle response to a stimulus is not dependent on the strength of the stimulus |
| amine | Derived from tyrosines. Epinephrine, NE, T3 and T4 |
| anencephalic | a neural tube defect when the head end of the neural tube fails to close, resulting in absence of part of the brain, skull, and scalp. |
| anterior | in the front |
| posterior | in the back |
| aqueous humor | clear fluid between the cornea and lens of the eye |
| arachnoid | 2nd layer of the menengies, which consists of connective fibers resulting in a spider web effect. |
| auditory nerve | nerve that carries signal from the cochlea of the inner ear to the brain |
| autonomic | autonomic nervous system controls involuntary processes, such as digestion, breathing, blood circulation, etc. |
| axon | the part of the neuron that conducts signals AWAY from the cell body to another neuron or an effector. |
| blood-brain barrier | capillaries in the braint that prevent substances from entering the CSF, thus protecting the brain from infection |
| brain | nervous tissue that controls the nervous system and sensory structures |
| brain stem | consists of pons and medulla. connects brain with spinal cord |
| cascade effect | a series of cellular reactions happening one after another activating more cells down the chain. |
| cataracts | a clouding in the lens of the eye |
| cell body | the portion of the neuron containing genetic material and organelles. |
| cerebrum | largest part of the brain where thought takes place |
| chemoreceptor | a sensory receptor that transduces a chemical signal into action potential. |
| choroid | vascular layer of the eye, containing connective tissue found between the retina and the sclera |
| ciliary body | tissue inside the eye compose of the ciliary muscle and processes and produces the aqueous humor |
| choclea | snail shaped organ in the inner ear containing the organ of hearing. |
| cornea | the layer that forms the front wall of the eye, covering the iris. |
| corpus callosum | White bit in the center of the brain. formed of thick axon bundles. "tract". connects cerebral hemispheres. |
| CSF | Cerebralspinal fluid. protects brain from jarring impacts and infection. Found within the ventricles of the brain and circulating in the central canal of the spinal cord. |
| cyclic AMP | derived from ATP and is used for intracellular signal transduction |
| dendrite | branched extension of the nerve cell body that receives signals from other nerve cells |
| eardrum | tympanic membrane. boundary between outer and middle ear. vibrates in response to sound waves. |
| effector | the muscle told to move or react to stimuli |
| Eustachian canal | eustachian tube. links nasopharynx to middle ear. mucus drainage from middle ear also pressure equalization by allowing tiny bits of air through. |
| GABA | receptors that respons to neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid. neurotransmitter that inhibits vertebrate central nervous system. |
| ganglion | nervous system tissue composed of nerve-cell bodies lying outsie of the CNS |
| glaucoma | group of eye conditions that lead to damage to the optic nerve |
| gray matter | major part of the CNS consisting of neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated axons and dendrites. |
| hormone | signaling molecule secreted by a cell that can alter the activities of any cell with receptors for it. transported via the bloodstream. |
| hydrocephalic | Having too much CSF |
| hypothalmus | found under the thalamus in the center of the brain. primarily responsible for homeostasis. works with both nervous and endocrine systems. control center for autonomic functions of the PNS. |
| inner ear | semicircular canals and cochlea. responsible for hearing and balance. |
| insulin | only hormone that lowers blood glucose. |
| interneuron | a neuoron that integrates information to formulate an appropriate response. middle man between two other neurons. |
| integration | sorting and interpretation of neural messages and the determination of a response. |
| lens | part of the eye that brings light into focus on the retina |
| lens accommodation | process by which the eye changes optical power to maintain a clear image (focus) on an object as its distance varies. |
| limbic system | the "emotional brain". thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, olfactory bulbs. |
| local regulator | chemical signal that only influences near by or neighboring cells. |
| melatonin | hormone secreted by pineal gland that maintains daily rhythms. |
| meninges | dura, arachnoid, and pia. tough fibrous tissue surrounding the brain. |
| mineralocorticoids | hormone secreted by adrenal gland that maintains Na+ and K+ balance in the blood. |
| mixed | mixed motor and sensory neurons |
| motor | motor neurons. carries signals to the skeletal muscles. |
| motor engram | memorized motor patterns. like playing an instrument or shooting a free-throw. |
| motor unit | block of muscle fibers controlled by branches of the axon of a single neuron |
| myelin | fatty cells that surround a neuron axon |
| Na+/K+ pump | pump that pushes 3 Na+ out of the cell and 2 K+ into the cell in the same cycle. |
| nerve | bundle of axons enclosed in connective tissue following the same pathway |
| nerve impulse | action potential. Na+ flood into the cell from the gated channels. |
| neuroglia | glial cells. form myeline, maintain homeostasis and provide support and protection for neurons |
| neurolemma | plasma membrain of a schwann cell. |
| neuromuscular junction | connects nervous system to muscular system via synapses between nerve fibers and muscle fiber |
| neuron | cell responsible for controlling behavior and body functions |
| neurotransmitter | chemicals that transmit signals from a neuron to a target cell across a synapse |
| node of Ranvier | gap between two schwann cells |
| olfaction | sense of smell |
| optic nerve | transmits visual information from the retina to the brain |
| organ of Corti | organ within the cochlea that contains the sensory hair cells detecting sound vibrations transmitted to the inner ear |
| ossicles | 3 small bones in the middle ear: Malleus, Incus, Stapes |
| parasympathetic | Feed and breed. rest and digest. opposite of sympathetic which is responsible for fight-or-flight. |
| perception | conscious awareness of our external and internal environments derived from sensory input |
| pheromone | chemical released to influence the behavior of members of the same species |
| pia | third layer of the menengies, closest to the the brain. |
| pineal | secretes melatonin and is responsible for cyclical rhythms |
| pituitary | works with hypothalamus to control many physiological functions and the functions of other glands. |
| proprioceptor | maintains body balance and equilibrium and position of the head and limbs |
| prostaglandins | regulators derived from fatty acids that are involved in paracrine and autocrine regulation |
| resting membrane potential | a neuron that is not conducting an impulse. negatively charged. rested and ready to go. |
| rods, cones | rods - black and white cones - color |
| saccule | fluid filled chamber in the vestibular apparatus that provides information about the position of the head with respect to gravity as well as changes in the rate of linear movement o the body. |
| SAD | Seasonal Affective Disorder |
| saltatory | action potential hoping along the myelinated axons from one node of Ranvier to the next node. |
| Schwann cell | glial cell in PNS that wraps nerve fibers in myelin |
| sclera | white of the eye. white fibrous protective outer layer of the eye containing collagen and elastic fiber. |
| semicircular cannals | a part of the vestibular aparatus that detects spinning motions. inner ear, near cochlea |
| serotonin | it is thought to be a contributor to feelings of well-being and happiness. Also, regulating appetite, reproductive behavior, muscular movement, sleep, and emotional states, such as anxiety. |
| somatic | relating to the body |
| spinal/cranial nerve | spinal - nerve that carries signals between spinal cord and the body trunk and limbs cranial - nerve that connects brain to head, neck, and body drunk |
| static equilibrium | when all parts of the system are at rest |
| steriod | type of hormone derived from cholesterol |
| stimulus | component of a negative feedback control system maintaining homeostasis specifically an environmental change that stimulates a response. |
| sulcus | depression of fissure in the surface of the brain |
| sympathetic | fight or flight |
| synapse | communication between neurons or an effector such as muscles or glands |
| testosterone | hormone created in the male gonads responsible for male secondary sex characteristics and functioning of male reproductive organs |
| thalamus | major part of brain that receives sensory information and relays it to cerebral cortex concerns with motor responses to sensory information of that type |
| thyroid | gland located beneath the larynx that secretes hormones regulating growth and metabolism |
| thyroxin | T4, the main hormone of the thyroid gland responsible for controlling the rate of metabolism of the body. |
| tract | bunch of neuron axons found within the CNS |
| tropic | to stimulate |
| TSH | thyroid stimulating hormone - stimulates thyroid to grow in size and secrete thyroid hormones |
| utricle | a fluid filled chamber of the vestibular aparatus that provides information about the position of the head with respect to gravity as well as changes in the rate of linear movement of the body |
| Vagus nerve | conveys a sensory information about the state of the body's organs to the CNS |
| ventricle | a cavity containing CSF |
| vestibule | sensory structure of the inner ear responsible for perceiving the position and motion of the head and therefore maintaining equilibrium and for coordinating head and body movements |
| vitreous humor | fluid in the eyeball |
| parts of the heart in order of circulation | from body > superior vena cava > right atrium > AV valve > right ventricle > SL valve > pulmonary trunk > pulmonary arteries > lungs > pulmonary veins > left atrium > AV valve > left ventricle > aorta > out to the body |
| respiratory system O2 in. | in through mouth or nose > pharynx > epiglottis/glotis > trachea > bronchi > bronchioli > alveoli > diffused onto a red blood cell from the pulmonary capillaries. |
| respirator system CO2 out. | blood plasma as carbonic acid/bicarbonate > diffuses into alveolar air > and out. |
| immunity | resistance to disease |
| innate | born with. specific: b-cells, t-cells. nonspecific: skin, gastric juices, macrophages, inflammatory response. |
| acquired | antibodies: passive - someone else's antibodies (breast milk) active - had disease or vaccine |
Created by:
MabFae
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