Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
212 Test 4
Ch 16 17 18
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the six major non-specific host defenses? | Physical barriers Chemical barriers Cellular defenses Inflammation Fever Molecular Defenses |
| What are the two physical barriers? | Skin and Mucous membranes |
| What are two ways skin acts as a physical barrier? | Protective layer and resident flora |
| How do resident flora act as protective layer? | Bind receptor sites and release toxins |
| What are three ways mucous membranes act as physical barrier? | Trap microbes Flushing action Contain protective chemicals |
| What are three chemical barriers? | Saliva and Tears Gastric Juices Iron limiting proteins |
| How are saliva and tears chemical barriers | Contain lysozyme which breaks down bacterial cell walls |
| How is gastric juice a chemical barrier | pH 2, inhibits many microbes |
| How are iron limiting proteins chemical barriers? | Transferrin in blood and Lactoferrin in body fluids bind extra iron so bacteria can't use it for growth |
| How do the five leukocytes act as cellular defense? | N- phago M- phago E- release toxin (major basic protein) B- release histamine, SRS L- specific immune defense (humor/cell mediated immunity) |
| in tissues, neutrophils become ___ | Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) |
| PMNs are ___ to the site of injury and ___ have the killing power of macrophages | fast, not |
| in tissues, monocytes become ___ | Macrophages |
| Macrophages are ___ to the site of injury and have ___ killing power than PMNLs | slow, more |
| this phagocyte stays within a specific tissue (ex alveolar in lungs or microglial in brain) | Fixed Macrophages |
| What are three kinds of phagocytes | Neutrophils, Monocytes, Fixed Macrophages |
| What are three types of intracellular killing due to phagocytosis | Chemotaxis, Adherence, Ingestion/Digestion |
| How do chemotaxis contribute to phagocytosis | histamins and cytokines stimulate movement of phagocytes to site |
| How does adherence contribute to phagocytosis | accelerated by complement and antibody attachment |
| Ingestion and Digestion aka... | intracellular killing |
| during phagocytosis, PMNs use ___ | lysozomal enzymes |
| during phagocytosis, Macrophages use... (5) | H2O, NO, O2, OCl, lysozomal enzymes |
| What are 2 cells that do extracellular killings? | Eosinophils, and NK |
| How do eosinophils perform extracellular killings | major basic protein perforate worms. Macrophage can then engulf parasitic fragments |
| How do NK cells perform extracellular killings | lymphocytes that are activated by cytokines, they recognize virally infected cells and release cytotoxic proteins that trigger death of infected host cell |
| 3 ways that pathogens resist digestion by phagocytes? | Capsules Acid fast cell walls Toxins |
| (Capsule) ___ resists adherence | Strep. pneumoniae |
| (Capsule) ___ capsule protects from lysozomal eynzymes | Yersina pestis |
| Acid fast cell walls protect ___ from lysozomal enzymes | Mycobacterium |
| anti-phagocyte toxin produced by staph | leukocidin, kills phagocyte |
| anti-phagocyte toxin produced by strep | streptolysin, kills phagocyte |
| anti-phagocyte toxin that inhibits the killing in phagocytes | leukostatin |
| 3 functions of lymphatic system | collects excess fluid from tissues transports digested fats to CV system provides many of the nonspecific and specific defense mechanisms against infection and disease |
| 4 cardinal signs of inflammation | Calor, Dolar, Rubor, Tumor |
| Cardinal sign of Inflammation that refers to heat | Calor |
| Cardinal sign of inflammation that refers to redness | Rubor |
| Cardinal sign of inflammation that refers to edema or swelling | Tumor |
| Cardinal sign of inflammation that refers to pain | Dolar |
| 3 functions of inflammation | kill invading microbe clear away tissue debris repair injured tissues |
| 3 signs/reasons for Chronic Inflammation Process | Host is not able to eliminate the invading microbe Can persist for years Host attempts to wall off or isolate cause of inflammation in a granuloma |
| Type of granuloma for syphilis | gummas |
| Type of granuloma for tuberculosis | tubercles |
| Type of granuloma in Hansen's disease | leproma |
| These 2 toxins cause release of interleukin-1 (IL-1) from macrophages | Bacterial endotoxins (LPS) Exotoxins (neuro and enterotoxins) |
| This is an endogenous pyrogen that circulates in blood to hypothalamus causing release of ___ that reset body at high temp | interleukin-1, prostaglandins |
| This molecular defense induces antiviral proteins (AVP) in neighboring cells | Interferon |
| the specific immune response is aka... | adaptive/acquird immune response |
| specific immune response is provided by ___ | lymphocytes |
| ___ provides humoral(antibody) response | B lymphocytes |
| ___ provides cellular immune response | T lymphocytes |
| 2 different ways of developing specific immunity | acquired and active/passive |
| natural immunity is achieved via | infection |
| artificial immunity is achieved via | injection |
| active immunity is | body exposed to agent and makes antibodies |
| passive immunity is | antibodies are acquired from an outside source |
| main goal of immunization is to develop ___ immunity | specific immunity, esp. memory cells |
| onset of specific immune response | 5-9 days |
| onset of non-specific immune response | immediate |
| type of antigen of specific immune response | specific, only a small number will react |
| type of antigen of non-specific immune response | all members will react |
| efficiency of specific immune response | improves with increasing exposure |
| efficiency of non-specific immune response | does not improve with increasing exposure |
| memory of specific immune response | developed after first exposure to antigen |
| memory of non-specific immune response | non memory is developed |
| antigens aka | immunogens |
| antigens are found on ___ of cells | surface |
| specific chemical moiety to which the antibody binds | epitopes |
| ___ can only be antigenic if they attach to a larger molecule. ex) penicillin | haptens |
| ___ are proteins produced by plasma cells tht react with specific antigens | antiobodies/immunoglobins |
| level or quantitiy of antibody in the blood | antibody titer |
| an antibody titer to rubella of 1:16 is considered protective, but a rubella titer of less than 1:8 assumes she ___ has immunity to infection | does not |
| ___ and ___ lymphocytes are specific for a particular antigen | B and T |
| ___ occurs if two epitoes are very similar in shape | cross-reactivity |
| immunity to one strain of a microbe may not impart immunity to another strain or it may impart partial immunity because | might have slightly different epitopes |
| each kind of antibody reacts with a different | epitope |
| to acquire immunity from a particular antigen, the body must respond with an ___ response | anamnestic (memory) |
| Dual Nature of Immune System refers to... | Humoral and Cell Mediated Response |
| humoral response is provided by ___ | antibodies |
| antibodies are produced by ___ that are ___ that have undergone differentiation | plasma, B lymphocytes |
| stem cells differentiate in the GALT and bone marrow to become ___ | b cells |
| GALT stands for | Gut Assoicated Lymphoid tissues |
| antibodies are secreted and also expressed on ___ of ___ where they act as specific antigen recepters | surface, B cells |
| B-lymphocytes become ___ that produce large amounts of ___ | Plasma cells, antibodies, after response some B cells remain to become memory B cells |
| 3 functions of antibodies | activation of complement- classical pathway opsonization- enhance phagocytosis by PMNLs or Macs neutralization- coat viruses to limit viral attachment to host cells |
| cell mediated response is done through | T lymphocyte |
| 3 components of antibody | four polypeptide chains Fab region Fc regions |
| 5 classes of immunoglobins | IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD |
| IgG makes up ___% of Ig in serum | 75% |
| 4 functions of IgG | imparts longlasting immunity binds phagocytes fixes (activates) complement crosses placenta |
| IgM makes up ___% of Ig | 10% |
| Allergy aka | Hypersensitivity |
Created by:
mjbaig02
Popular Biology sets