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BIOS 1030 Final Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| C.A.U.T.I.O.N. | C=Change in bowel or bladder habits A=A sore that does not heal U=Unusual bleeding or discharge T=Thickening or lump I=Indigestion or difficulty swallowing O=Obvious change in wart or mole N=Nagging cough or hoarseness |
| ABCDE of Melanoma | Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter, Elevation |
| #1 cancer that kills more adult women and men than any other? | Lung cancer |
| Laparoscope | Used by surgeons to remove tumors when possibleWhere |
| Where are hormones produced? | Endocrine glands |
| Negative feedback in Endocrine System | Endocrine organ initiates response |
| What does the Hypothalamus do? | Releases (increases) or inhibits (decreases) hormones, triggers pituitary gland |
| Anterior lobe of pituitary gland | reproductive organs, ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, prolactin, growth hormone |
| Posterior lobe of pituitary gland | ADH (retains water by kidneys), Oxytocin ("love hormone"), releases milk, causes contractions during childbirth |
| Pancreas | Produces insulin; increases uptake of glucose |
| Kidneys | If not enough red blood cells are produced, this releases Erythropoietin |
| Adrenal Glands | Primary responders to stress; sit atop kidneys; composed of an inner medulla and an outer cortex; |
| Outer Cortex of Adrenal Glands | produces mineralocorticoids to reabsorb sodium from kidneys; produces glucocorticoids during long term stress responses; helps maintain metabolism |
| Medulla of Adrenal Glands | Produces epinephrine and norepinephrine for short term stress response (fight or flight response) |
| Glucocorticoids | group of steroid hormones involved in glucose metabolism; bind to cortisol receptors |
| Cortisol/Cortisone | Produced in response to stress; it's active form is Cortisol which is used in long-term stress response; promotes use of fat and proteins for energy; anti-inflammatory; physical injury and emotional stress can increase production |
| CRH | Produced in the hypothalamus |
| Mineralocorticoids | retention of minerals; most common is aldosterone which regulates sodium and potassium levels in blood |
| Cushing's Syndrome | Too much cortisol; redistribution of fat, excess glucose, weak bones, hypertension, bulging eyes, may be diagnosed as diabetes |
| Addison's disease | Cortisol levels too low; glucocorticoid levels very low; may be caused by adrenal insufficiency or pituitary's inability to produce ACTH; bronzing skin, John F. Kennedy had this; |
| Prolactin | Responsible for making milk and breasts (men are not supposed to produce this, but can if there is a hormone imbalance) |
| Pancreatic Islets | Small structures of endocrine cells; each one contains 3 types of cells: Alpha cells (produce glucagon), Beta cells (produce insulin), and Delta cells (produce somatostatin) |
| Thyroid Gland | Located on the front surface of the trachea; T3 & T4 increase energy utilization, growth, and development; involved in basal metabolic rate (BMR)--rate of energy usage for body to stay alive; Calcitonin decreases calcium ion concentration in blood |
| Parathyroid Glands | 4 of them; embedded on the back surface of they thyroid; increase calcium concentration in blood; works with Thyroid Gland in negative feedback |
| Hypothyroidism | lack of production of T3 and T4 hormones; occurs from birth; 2x as often in women than men |
| Hyperthyroidism | metabolic rate can be 60-100% above normal; bulging eyes; exophthalmos |
| Goiter | iodine deficiency; enlargement of thyroidM |
| Meiosis | Occurs within gonads of nearly all animal species; produces sex cells--gametes (sperm, ova) |
| Mitosis | Copies each chromosome from diploid parent cell (prophase) |
| Metaphase | Splitting |
| Anaphase/Telophase | complete duplication |
| Gametes | These have half the chromosomes that somatic cells do |
| Karyotype | Photograph of chromosome in pairs |
| Homologous Pairs | Pairs of chromosomes that carry the same genes (although each may vary a bit) |
| Sister Chromatids | Makes up Homologous Chromosomes |
| Meiosis I | Responsible for growth and copying of chromosomes |
| Meiosis II | Chromosomes are pulled apart; no further duplication taking placeA |
| Apoptosis | Programmed cell death when something goes wrong at any of the checkpoints during the Mitosis process |
| Seminal Vesicle (of male reproductive system) | Provides sugars/carbs (energy) for sperm |
| Venous Varcosities | Occurs in left testes; causes left testes to hang lower in scrotum; not be be worried about |
| Mullerian ducts | In females |
| Wolffian ducts | In males |
| Spermatogenesis | Process of production of sperm in the testes |
| Law of Segregation | Mendel; specifies that two alleles of a gene carried by an organism are separated from each other when gametes are produced |
| Law of Independent Assortment | Mendel; alleles of two different genes move independently of each other when gametes are formed (random alignment during Meiosis) |
| Pleiotropy | When one gene influences two or more phenotypic traits |
| Polygenic Inheritances | Multiple genes for a trait gives a continuous bell-shaped distribution of variation in the population (e.g. hair, height, eye color, etc.) |
| Signal Transduction Pathway | A chain reaction that relays a message from the outside of the cell into an action that occurs inside the cell |
| Steroid Hormones | Synthesized from cholesterol. These can diffuse across the membrane. |
| ADH=Antidiuretic Hormone | produced by the hypothalamus; along with oxytocin, it is produced by neuroendocrine cells that extend into the posterior pituitary |
| Regulatory Hormones | Hypothalamic hormones; they control other hormones; come in two classes: releasing and inhibiting hormones; produced in tiny amounts and travel through a portal system. |
| CRH | Corticotropin-releasing hormone; flows into portal system to the anterior pituitary; promotes production and releasing of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
| ACTH | Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; travels in bloodstream to adrenals; triggers glucocorticoid release; the releasing of glucocorticoids causes a decrease in the release of both ACTH and CRH; |
| gonads | -produce gametes -includes testes and ovaries |
| scrotum | -pouch that holds the testes |
| cremaster muscle | -below the thin, non-fatty skin of the scrotum -controls the position of the testes relative to the body |
| androgens | -male sex hormone produced by testes |
| seminiferous tubules | -where sperm is formed -located in the testes |
| Leydig cells | -androgen-producing cell -contained in the connective tissue that holds the seminiferous tubules in place -also called interstitial cells |
| epididymis | -sperm pass through this -approx. 6 meters in length -takes ~20 days for sperm to pass through |
| vas deferens | -sperm-carrying duct -during ejaculation, sperm are propelled from the epididymis through this -each duct is covered in smooth muscle and undergoes wavelike peristaltic contractions to move sperm |
| seminal vesicles | -secrete a fructose and mucus fluid that is an energy source |
| prostate gland | -secretes a clear mucus that helps neutralize any acidic urine in the male's urethra -secretion contributes to the mobility and viability of sperm |
| bulbourethral glands | -secrete a clear mucus that helps neutralize any acidic urine in the male's urethra -a pair of pea-sized glands that lie below the urethra between the prostate and the penis |
| semen | -seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands combine with the sperm to form this -pH ranging from 7.1-8.0 -optimal for sperm motility and helps to neutralize acidic conditions in the female reproductive tract |
| vulva | -consists of the fatty, hairy outer labia majora and the thin inner labia minora |
| clitoris | -located at the front of the vulva where the top edges of the labia minora meet |
| ovaries | -female gonads -produce gametes & sex hormones |
| oviducts | -aka fallopian tubes -extend from the top of the uterus toward the ovaries -not attached to the ovaries directly -tubes end in fingerlike projections called fimbria |
| fimbria | -finger-like projections that wave to create a suction to pull the egg into the oviduct |
| uterus | -muscular wall about 1/3 inch thick -embryo implanted and grown here -wall contracts rhythmically during labor, childbirth, and orgasm -its inner surface (endometrium) changes in thickness during menstrual cycle |
| endometrium | -internal surface of uterus -thickens during menstrual cycle |
| cervix | -lower third of uterus -narrower than the upper portion -dilates during childbirth |
| vagina | -passageway into and out of the uterus |
| ectopic pregnancy | -egg implants in the oviduct and not in the uterus -must be removed immediately -can be fatal to mother |
| gametogenesis | -development of sex cells or gametes -involves meiosis -men produce sperm beginning at puberty and continue throughout life -women produce gametes only a few days a month beginning at puberty and ending at menopause |
| spermatogenesis | -sperm production -begins at puberty in the walls of the seminiferous tubules within the testes -each parent cell first duplicates, then one of two daughter cells undergoes this -the other maintains function of parent cell |
| spermatogonia | -stem cells that serve as the starting point for the cell divisions that will produce the actual sperm cells -located in the testes -continuously divide to try to produce primary spermatocytes |
| Process to become a sperm | spermatogonia-->divide to produce primary spermatocytes-->become secondary spermatocytes after meiosis I-->become spermatids after meiosis II-->these undergo further development to produce spermatozoa, also called sperm |
| Sertoli cells | -located in the seminiferous tubules -secrete substances that sperm use in their development |
| acrosome | -tip of sperm's head -contains digestive enzymes that help a sperm cell gain access to the egg cell |
| testosterone | -causes spermatogonia to divide and regulates the growth and development of male reproductive structures |
| Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) | -produced in both sexes by the hypothalamus -stimulates the pituitary to release follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) |
| Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) | -hormone secreted by the pituitary gland involved in sperm production, regulation of ovulation, and regulation of menstruation -targets sertoli cells in the testes |
| Luteinizing Hormone (LH) | -hormone involved in sperm production, regulation of ovulation, and regulation of menstruation -stimulates the Leydig cells of the testes to secrete testosterone |
| Oogenesis | -formation of female gametes and results in production of egg cells -occurs in ovaries -begins when female is developing in mother's uterus and then pauses until puberty |
| follicles | -each contains an immature egg or oocyte -contained in ovaries |
| ovarian cycle | -includes events that occur as a primary follicle develops into a secondary follicle and then into a mature Graafian follicle |
| primary follicle | -stepwise development of follicle -houses the primary oocyte -secretes estrogen |
| secondary follicle | -contains the secondary oocyte and the cells that surround it -surrounded by pools of fluid and follicle cells that secrete estrogen |
| Graafian follicle | -contains a fluid-filled cavity that increases in volume, causing the ovary wall to balloon out until it bursts -this burst expels the secondary oocyte from the ovary; this process is called ovulation |
| corpus luteum | -the remainder of what was not secreted during ovulation -secretes reproductive hormones but degenerates after about 10 days if fertilization does not occur |
| polar bodies | -tiny cells that won't be fertilized -produced from the egg cell undergoing an off-center meiosis |
| human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) | -extends the life of the corpus luteum -produced by the early embryo |
| endometriosis | -a condition where endometrial cells migrate through the oviducts to implant on other organs |
| mifepristone | chemical that blocks progesterone which maintains the endometrium; once ingested, the endometrium and the embryo are lost -used during first 7 weeks of pregnancy |
| homozygous | -when an organism has two hereditary factors that are identical |
| heterozygous | -when two hereditary factors are different |
| incomplete dominance | -the offspring contain blended traits of both parents |
| Cystic Fibrosis | -occurs in people with two copies of an allele that codes for a nonfunctional protein that normally helps transport chloride ions into and out of cells -causes balance between sodium and chloride to be disrupted |
| Huntington's Disease | -caused by a dominant allele -allele causes a protein to be produced that clumps up inside the nuclei of cells -nerve cells in brain are affected and as a result they gradually die, and they lose mental capacity and muscle control -progressive & incura |
| Dwarfism | -little couple have 25% chance of having a homozygous dwarf child -50% chance of a heterozygous dwarf child (one bad allele, one good) -25% chance of "normal" child, homozygous for two good alleles |
| quantitative traits | include weight, height, musical ability, susceptibility to cancer, intelligence, athletic ability especially coordination & strength, etc. -why?--they are polygenic traits; influence by more than one gene |
Created by:
jsweitz
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