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RAD105
test 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Rotate | To turn around an axis |
| Extension | Straightening of a joint |
| Circumduction | Circular movement of a limb |
| Hyperextension | Forced or excessive strightening of a joint |
| Hyperflextion | Forced or excessive flexion of a joint or part |
| Dorsiflexion | Flexion of the foot toward the leg |
| Deviaton | A turning away from the regular standard or coarse |
| Supinate | To turn the forearm so that the palm of the hand faces forward |
| Pronate | To turn the forearm so that the palm of the hand faces forward |
| Adduction | movement of a part toward the central axis of a body or body part |
| movement of a part away from the central axis of a body or body part | Abduction |
| Inversion | Movement of the foot when it is turned inward at the ankle joint |
| Eversion | Movement of when it is turned outward at the ankle joint Movement of the foot when it is turned outward at the ankle joint |
| Flexion | Bending movement of a joint whereby the angle between contiguous bones is diminished |
| Tilt | Movement of a part so that the sagittal(longitudinal)Plane is angled so that it is not parallel with the long axis of the body |
| Laying face down | Prone Position(Ventral recumbent) |
| Laying on the back | Supine Position (Dorsal Recumbent) |
| Laying down in any position | Recumbent Position |
| Erect or marked by a vertical position | Upright position |
| Lying supine with the head lower than the feet | Trendelenburg's Position |
| Lying supine with the head higher than the feet | Fowler's position |
| Liver, Spleen, Ureters | Abdominal |
| Lungs,Heart, Trachea, esophagus | Thoracic |
| Uterus, Rectum, Ovaries | Pelvic |
| AP (Anteroposterior) | Central ray enters the anterior body surface and exits the posterior body surface. |
| PA (posteroanterior) | Centeral ray enters the posterior body surface and exits the anterior body surface |
| Axial | Central ray is angled longitudinally with the long axis of the body |
| Lateral | Central ray enters the side or lateral aspect of the body or body part and exits the other side |
| Oblique | Central ray enters the body or body part from a side angle into the anterior or posterior surface of the body |
| Tangential | Central ray is directed toward the outer margin of a curved body to profile a body part and project it free of superimposition |
| Projection | AP, AP axial, Tangential, AP Oblique, Dorsoplantar, Parietoacanthial |
| Body Position | Supine, upright, Recumbent, Trendelenburg |
| Radiographic position | Lordotic, Left lateral,Right anterior oblique, Right lateral decubitus |
| away from the head of the body | Caudad |
| near the skin or the surface | Suferficial |
| Soul of the foot | Plantar |
| Toward the head of the body | Cephalic |
| Within or on the inside of an organ | Internal |
| Nearest the point of attachment or origin | Proximal |
| Away from the median plane to the right or left | Lateral |
| outside an organ or the body | External |
| Pertaining to caudad | Distal |
| Opposite of superior | Inferior |
| Posterior side | Dorsal |
| Opposite of lateral | Medial |
| Far from the surface | Deep |
| Opposite of inferior | superior |
| Farthest from the point of reference or origin | Distal |
| At or near the edge of the body part | Plantar |
| Front part of the body | Anterior |
| On the opposite side of the body | Contralat |
| On the same side of the body | Ipsilateral |
| Back part of the body or an organ | Posterior |
| Middle or main part of an organ | Central |
| Ionizing Radiation | the radiation is capable of removing orbital electrons from matter and is responsible for biological damage |
| Radiation protection | Effective measures employed by radiation workers to safeguard patients, personnel,and the general public from unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation |
| two sources of ionizing radiation | Natural Background and Man-made |
| Natural Bakground | Radon, Cosmic Radiation, Terrestrial Radiation,Internal Radiation |
| Man-made Radiation | Medical/Dental, Industry, Consumer Products |
| Radon | Radioactive gas from the breakdown of radium in the earth |
| Cosmic radiation | from sun and stars |
| Terrestrial Radiation | Radioactive elements in the earth crust |
| Internal radiation | Within our own bodies from ingestion of food |
| Medical/dental | greatest source of exposure to man-made radiation |
| Industrial radiation | power plants |
| Consumer Products | airports, old tv sets,cigarette |
| History of radiation | X-rays discovered in 1895, Skin damage, hair loss, anemia.who affected? Physicians and patients.In 1904 Clarence Dally died, Thomas Edison assistant. |
| Name two categories of biological affects. | somatic effects( from rec. radiation in a person life time, Describes general body cells), Genetic effects (is passed on to future generations) |
| Removal of orbital electrons | Ionization |
| List four factors that determine the degree of x-ray's effect on human tissue | Dose rate, Area or volume o tissue exposed, age, specific tissue sensitive |
| three most sensitive area to radiation | Reproductive cells, bone marrow, and lens of the eye |
| three least sensitive area to radiation | skin, nerve tissue, and muscle |
| Dose rate | amount of x-ray given over a period of time. the greater the dose rate the greater the chance of tissue damage |
| Area or Volume of tissue exposure | the greater the amount of tissue exposed to x-rays, the greater the chance of tissue damage |
| Age | The younger the person exposed the greater the risk(includes fetus).High mitotic rate, are more sensitive to x-rays |
| Specific tissue sensitivity | Certain tissue in the body are more sensitive to x-ray than other tissues |
| List four radiation effects that we can prevent by using protective measures | Cancer/leukemia, cataract formation, life-span shortening, and genetic mutations in the ova or sperm |
| List 7 methods used for patient protection | Avoid errors and excessive repeat exposures, Collimate the x-ray beam(less exposure this way), Don't use less than 40inch SID,Use the highest kVp factors to consist with study, USE HIGH SPEED FILM/SCREEN IR,PROVIDE SHIELDING,X-ray beam aluminum filtration |
| What is the minimum lead requirements for shields and the minimum aluminum requirements for x-ray tube filtration | lead 0.5mm of lead equivalency, aluminum 2.5beneath the x-ray and above the collimator 80% affective at reducing exposure. |
| List 4 methods used to reduce occupational exposure for the technologist | keep out of primary beam, maximize distance from the source of the x-ray, minimize time in an exposure area, and wear protective lead apparel when necessary |
| describe the function of personnel radiation monitors. | monitors how much radiation a technologist receives on the job(dose limit ha been set at 5rem per year) replaced every 3 months, student is less than 100mrem per year. |
| List 3 common radiation quantities and state their unit of measures | Exposure, (measurements)roentgen(T),Coulombs/kilogram(SI), absorbed dose(measurements),rad(T),or gray(SI), dose equivalent(measurements)rem(T)or sievert(SI) |
Created by:
CifalaD
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