Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Ch. 28-Chetta
A & P II-Female Reproductive System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Organs of the female reproductive tract | ovaries, uterine tubes(ovaducts), uterus, vagina, external organs(vulva or pudendum) |
| Ovaries | Female gonads. are homologous to the testes. |
| Functions of the ovaries | produce gametes and hormones(progesterone, estrogens, inhibin, and relaxin) |
| Broad ligament | attaches the uterus to the ovaries by the mesovarium |
| Ovarian ligament | anchors the ovaries to the uterus |
| Suspensory ligament | attaches the ovaries and uterus to the pelvic wall. |
| Hilum of the ovary | point of entrance and exit for blood vessels and nerves along which the mesovarium is attached. |
| Components of the ovaries | Germinal epithelium, tunica albugenea, ovarian cortex, ovarian medulla, ovarian follicles, mature follicles, and corpus luteum. |
| Germinal epithelium | layer of simple squamous epithelium that covers the surface of the ovary. |
| Tunica albuginea | whitish capsule of dense irregular CT located immediately deep to the germinal epithllium |
| Ovarian Cortex | Consists of ovarian follicles surrounded by dense irregular CT that contains collagen fibers and stromal cells. |
| Ovarian medulla | consists of loosely arranged CT and contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves. |
| Ovarian follicles | COnsist of oocytes in various stages of development. |
| Mature(graafian) follicle | large, fluid-filled follicle that is ready to rupture and expel its secondary oocyte(ovulation) |
| Corpus luteum | contains the remnants of a mature follicle after ovulation. It produces progesterone, estrogens, relaxing, and inhibing until it degenerates into white scar tissue(tunica albicans) |
| Oogenesis | formation of gametes in the ovaries. Begins in females before they are born. |
| Oogonia | diploid stem cells that divide mitotically to produce millions of germ cells. |
| Primary oocytes | Enter prophase of meiosis I during fetal development but do not complete that phase until after puberty. |
| Primordial follicle | A single layer of flat follicular cells that surrounds the primary oocyte. |
| How many primary oocytes are present at birth? | 200,000 to 2,000,000 |
| How many primary oocytes are present at puberty? | 40,000 |
| How many primary oocyteswill mature and ovulate during a woman's reproductive lifetime? | about 400 |
| Primary follicles | developed from primordial follicles. Consists of a primary oocyte that is surrounded in a later stage of development by several |
| Zona Pellucida | Part of the primary follicle. A clear glycoprotein layer that is between the primary oocyte and the granulosa cells. |
| Theca folliculi | Stromal cells surrounding the basement membrane of the follicles. |
| Secondary follicle | Theca divides into two layers. granulosa cells secrete follicular flyud and the innermost layer of granulosa cells becomes firmly attached to the zona pellucida and becomes the corona radiata. |
| Theca interna | highly vascularized internal layer of the secondary follicle made of cuboidal secretory cells that secretes estrogens. |
| Theca externa | Outer layer on the secondary follicle, that is made of stromal cells and collagen fibers. |
| Mature(graafian) follicle | Comes from the secondary follicle. The diploid primary oocyte completes meiosis I. It soon ruptures and releases the secondary oocyte. |
| First polar body | In the mature follicle. the smaller cell that is produced by meiosis I. It is basically a packet of discarded nuclear material |
| Secondary Oocyte | In the mature follicle. The larger of the cells produced by meiosis I. It receives most of the cytoplasm |
| Ovulation | The mature follicle ruptures and releases its secondary oocyte |
| Ovum | Mature egg. Larger of the haploid cells after meiosis II |
| Second polar body | The smaller cell after the secondary oocyte goes through meiosis II |
| Zygote | The union of the nuclei of the sperm cell and the ovum. A fertilized diploid ovum. arrives at the uterus 6 to 7 days after ovulation. |
| How many gametes does one primary oocyte create? | One gamete/primary oocyte. |
| Uterine (fallopian) tubes | AKA ovaducts. They extend laterally from the uterus. They provide a route for the sperm to reach an ovum and transport secondary oocytes and fertilized ova from the ovaries to the uterus. |
| Infundibulum | The funnel portion of each tube. Is close to the ovary, but open to the pelvic cavity. |
| Fimbrae | Fringe of finger-like projections on the end of the infundibulum |
| Ampulla of the uterine tube | The widest, longest portion of the uterine tube, making up about 2/3 of its length. |
| Isthmus of the uterine tube | Medial, short, narrow, thick-walled portion of hte tubes that joins with the uterus. |
| Layers of the uterine tubes | Mucosa, muscularis, and serosa. |
| Ciliated simple columnar cells of the epithelium of the mucosa layer | They help move a fertilized ovum withing the uterine tube. |
| Peg cells | Nonciliated cells in teh epithelium of hte mucosa layer that have microvilli and secrete a fluid that provides nutrition for the ovum. |
| What moves the oocyte or fertilized ovum toward the uterus? | Peristaltic contractions of the muscularis and the ciliary action of the mucosa. |
| Where does the sperm cell usually encounder and fertilize a secondary oocyte? | In the ampulla of the uterine tube. Or in the pelvic cavity. |
| What is the time span for fertilization to occur after ovulation? | 24 hours. |
| Uterus | Serves as part of the pathway for sperm deposited in the vagina to reach the uterine tubes. Is the site of implantation of a fertilized ovum, development of the fetus during pregnancy, and labor. |
| 3 anatomical subdivisions of the uterus | 1. fundus-top of the uterus superior to the uterine tubes. 2. Body-tapering center portion. 3. Cervix-inferior narrow portion that opens into the vagina |
| Isthmus | Between the body of the uterus and the cervix |
| Uterine cavity | the interior of the body of the uterus |
| cervical canal | the interior of the cervix |
| Internal os | where the cervical canal opens into the uterine cavity |
| External os | Where the cervical canal opens into the vagina |
| Anteflexion | The normal position of the uterus anteriorly and superiorly over the urinary bladder. |
| Broad ligaments | paired ligaments that are double folds of peritoneum attaching the uterus to either side of the pelvic cavity. |
| Uterosacral ligaments | lie on either side of the rectum and connect the uterus to the sacrum |
| Cardinal (Lateral cervical) ligaments | Inferior to the bases of the broad ligament and extend from the pelvic wall to the cervix and vagina |
| Round ligaments | fibrous CT between layers of the broad ligament. Extend from a point on the uterus just inferior to the uterine tubes to a portion of the labia majora. |
| Retroflexion | Harmless variation of the normal position of the uterus. may occur after childbirth. |
| Three layers of the uterus | Perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium |
| Perimetrium | Outer layer of the uterus. Part of the visceral peritoneum. composed of simple squamous epithelium and areolar CT. becomes broad ligament laterally. anteriorly becomes covers the urinary bladder. |
| Vesicouterine pouch | shallow pouch on top of the bladder |
| Rectouterine pouch | pouch of Douglas. A deep pouch between the uterus and urinary bladder. formed by the perimetrium |
| Myometrium | middle layer of the uterus. Consists of three layers of smooth muscle fibers that are thickest in the fundus and thinnest in the cervix. during labor and childbirth, help expel the fetus from the uterus |
| Endometrium | Inner layer of the uterus. is highly vascularized and has 3 compnents. 1. simple columnar epitheium. 2. lamina propria. 3. endometrial glands. |
| Two layers of the endometrium | 1. Stratum functionalis. 2. Stratum basalis. |
| Stratum functionalis | functional layer of the endometrium. lines the uterine cavity and sloughs off during menstruation. |
| Stratum basalis | basal layer. is permanent and gives rise to a new stratum functionalis after each menstruation. |
| Uterine arteries | branches of the internal iliac arteries that supply blood to the uterus. |
| Straight arterioles | suppply the stratum basalis with the materials needed to regenerate the stratum functionalis |
| Spiral arterioles | supply the stratum functionalis and change markedly during the menstrual cycle. |
| Uterine veins | drains the uterus into the internal iliac veins |
| Cervical mucus | mixture of water, glycoproteins, lipids, enzymes, and inorganic salts. more hospitible to sperm near or at time of ovulation b/c less viscous and more alkaline. females secrete 20-60 ml/day |
| Function of cervical mucus | To supplement the energy needs of sperm, protect sperm from phagocytes and the hostile environment of the vagina and uterus. may also play a role in capacitiation. |
| Vagina | Receptacle for penis during sexual intercourse, outlet for menstrual flow, and passageway for childbirth. |
| Fornix | A recess that surrounds the vaginal attachment to the cervix. When properly inserted, a contraceptive diaphragm rests in teh fornix. |
| Vaginal mucosa | Nonkeritinized stratified squamous epithelium and areolar CT. Lies in rugae. Has dendritic cells that are antigen-presenting. |
| Functions of the vaginal mucosa | contain large stores of glycogen for organic acid production. Create an acidic environment to retard microbial growth. |
| Muscularis of the vagina | Outer circular layer and inner longitudinal layer. Can stretch considerable to accommodate the penis during intercourse and a child during birth. |
| Adventitia | Superficial layer of the vagina. Areolar CT. anchors the vagina to adjacent organs: urethra and bladder anteriorly and rectum and anus posteriorly. |
| Hymen | Thin fold of vascularized mucous membrane. Only remnants remain after first sexual intercourse |
| Imperforate hymen | The hymen is completely covering the orifice. may be corrected by surgery. |
| Vulva(Pudendum) | External genitals of the female. Mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vestibule, bulb of the vestibule |
| Mons pubis | An elevation of adipose tissue covered by skin and coarse pubic hair that cushions the pubic symphysis |
| Labia majora | covered by pubic hair, contain abundance of adipose tissue, oil glands, and sweat glands. are homologous to the scrotum |
| Labia minora | devoid of pubic hair and fat. Have few sweat glands, but some oil glands. homologous to the spongy urethra. |
| Clitoris | small cylindrical mass composed of two sm erectile bodies, the corpora cavernosa, and numerous nerves and blood vessels. homologous to the glans penis. Can enlarge upon tactile stimulation and has a role in sexual excitement. |
| Vestibule | region between the labia minora. Homologous to the membranous urethra |
| Praurethral(Skene's) glands | mucus-secreting glands embedded in the wall of the urethra. Homologous to the prostate. |
| Greater vestibular(Bartholin's)glands | open by ducts into a groove between the hymen and labia minroa. produce sm. quantity of mucus during sexual arousal and intercourse that adds to cervical mucus and lubrication. Homologous to the bulbourethral glands. |
| Bulb of the vestibule | Becomes engorged with blood during sexual arousal, narrowing the vaginal orifice and placing pressure on the penis during intercourse. Homologous to the corpus spongiosum and bulb of the penis. |
| Perineum | Diamond-shaped area that contains the external genitals and anus of both males and females. Anterior border is the pubic symphysis, posterior is the coccyx, and laterally the ischial tuberosities. |
| Urogenital triangle | A transverse line drawn between the ischial tuberosities that divides the peritoneum and contains the external genitals. |
| Anal Triangle | The posterior triangle of the perineum that contains the anus. |
| Breast | A hemispheric projection of variable size anterior to the pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles. Attached to the by a layer of fascia composed of dense irregular CT. |
| Nipple | Pigmented projection. Has a series of closely spaced openings of the lactiferous ducts, where milk emerges. |
| Areola | THe circular pigmented area of skin surrounding the nipple. appears rough b/c it contains modified sebaceous glands. |
| Supsensory ligaments of the breast(Cooper's ligaments) | Strands of CT that run between the skin and fascia and support the breasts. Become looser with age. |
| Mammary Gland | Each breast has one. A modified sweat gland that produces milk. has 15 to 20 lobes separated by a variable amt of adipose tissue |
| Lobules | Smaller compartments in the lobes of the breast. composed of grape-like clusters of milk-secreting glands called alveoli that are embedded in CT. |
| Myoepithelial cells | Surround the alveoli. Help propel milk toward the nipple when they contract. |
| Lactiferous sinuses | Some milk may be stored here before it drains into a lactiferous duct. |
| Lactation | Function of the mammary glands. Synthesis, secretion, and ejection of milk. Are associated with pregnancy and childbirth. |
| What hormones are related to milk production? | Prolactin(anterior pituitary), progesterone, and estrogens |
| What hormones are r/t ejaction of milk? | Oxytocin (posterior pituitary). released in response to suckling. |
| Ovarian Cycle | A series of events in the ovaries that occur during and after the maturation of an oocyte |
| Uterine(menstrual)cycle | concurrent series of changes tin the endometrium of the uterus that prepare it for the arrival of a fertilized ovum. |
| Female reproductive cycle | Includes the ovarian and uterine cycles, the hormonal changes that regulate them, and the related cyclical changes in the breast and cervix. |
| Gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH) | Secreted by the hypothalamus. Controls the ovarian and uterine cycles. |
| Follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH) | initiates follicular growth. |
| Luteinizing hormone(LH) | Stimulates further development of the ovarian follicles. Stiumlates the theca cells to produce androgens. triggers oculation, promotes the formation of the corpus luteum |
| Function of the corpus luteum | produce and secretes extrogens, progesterone, relaxin, and inhibin. |
| What is the most abundant estrogen in non-pregnant women? | beta-estraiol. it is synthesized from cholesterol in the ovaries |
| 3 estrogens that are present in large quantities in females | beta-estradiol, setrone, and estriol. |
| Functions of estrogens | Promote the development and maintenance of female reproductive structures, 2 sex characteristics, and breasts, increase protein anabolism, lower blood cholesterol, inhibit release of GnRH by hypothalamus and secretion of LH and FSH by anterior pituitary. |
| Progesterone | Cooperates with estrogens to prepare and maintain endometrium for implantation of a fertilized ovum and prepares mammary glands for milk secretion. Secreted by corpus luteum. high levels inhibit secretion of GnRH and LH. |
| Relaxin | Relaxes the uterus by inhibiting contractions of the myometrium. During pregnancy, placenta produces much more relaxin to allow the uterine smooth muscle to expand. Also helps with the delivery of a child. produced by the corpus luteum. |
| Inhibin | inhibits secretion of FSH and LH. Secreted by granulosa cells of growing follicles and by the corpus luteum after ovulation. |
| Typical time span of reproductive cycle | 24-35 days. Average 28 days |
| Four phases of the reproductive cycle | Menstrual phase, preovulatory phase, ovulation, and postovulatory phase. |
| How long does the menstrual phase last? | 5 days |
| Events in the ovaries during menses | Primordial follicles develop into primary follicles and then into secondary follicles. Done by FSH. |
| Events in the uterus | consists of 50-150 ml of blood, tissue fluid, mucus, and epithelial cells shed from teh endomentrium. The discharge occurs b/c of low levels of progesterone and estrogens. |
| What layer of the uterus sloughs off during the menses phase? | Stratum functionalis |
| Length of the Preovulatory phase | time between the end of menstruation and ovulation. IS the most variable in length of the cycles. it typically lasts from days 6-13 in the cycle. |
| Events in the ovaries during the preovulatory phase | a single secondary follicle in one of the the 2 ovaries becomes the dominant follicle. It secretes estrogens and inhibin to decrease the secretion of FSH and stop the growth of other follicles. It then becomes the mature(graafian)follicle. |
| Mature(graafian) follicle | matures from a secondary follicle and continues to enlarge until it is more than 20 m in diameter and ready for ovulation. |
| Follicular phase | the menstrual and preovulatory phases together. |
| Events in the uterus during the follicular phase(Proliferative phase) | Endometrium proliferates. the cells of the stratum basalis undergo mitosis and produce a new stratum functionalis. the thickness of the endometrium abt doubles. |
| Ovulation | rupture of the mature(graafian) follicle and release of the secondary oocyte into pelvic cavity. usually occurs on day 14. |
| How does the estrogen level effect the last part of the preovulatory phase? | High levels exert a positive feedback effect on the cells that secrete LH and GnRH. |
| Mittelschmerz | Pain that occurs with an oocyte is lost in the pelvic cavity and then disintegrates. the sm. amt of blood that leaks into the pelvic cavity from the ruptured follicle is what causes the pain. |
| Postovulatory phase | Between ovulation and onset of next menses. It is the most constant part of the cycle. It is always 14 days. |
| Events in the ovaries during postovulatory phase | LH stimulates the corpus luteum to secrete progesterone, estrogen, relaxin, and inhibin. Luteal cells also absorb the blood clot. If secondary oocyte is fertilized, corpus luteum goes past is normal 2-week lifespan. |
| Human chorionic gonadotropin(hCG) | Rescues the fertilized secondary oocyte from being destroyed. is produced by the chorion of the embryo after 8 days of fertilization. it stimulates secretory activity of the corpus luteum. Its presence in blood or urine is an indicator of pregnancy. |
| Events in the uterus during postovulatory phase(Secretory phase) | Endometrial glands begin to secrete glycogen. progesterone and estronesn produced by teh corpus luteum promote growth and coiling of the endometrial glands, vascularization of the superficial endometrium and thickening of the endometrium. |
| What causes menstruation? | Withdrawal of progesterone and estrogens when the ovum is not fertilized. |
| Birth control | Restricting the number of children by various methods designed to control fertility and prevent contraception. |
| Only method of preventing pregnancy that is 100% reliable | Complete abstinence. |
| Sterilization | Render individula incapable of further reproduction. Male-vesectomy. female-tubal ligation(uterin tubes are tied closed and then cut) |
| Oral contraceptives | Contain hormones designed to prevent pregnancy |
| Combined oral contraceptives | contain both progestin and estrogen. their primary action is to inhibit ovulation by suppressing FSH and LH. this usually prevents the development of a dominant follicle in the ovary |
| Progestin-only pills | Thicken cervical mucus and may block implantation in the uterus, but do not consistently inhibit ovulation. |
| Noncontraceptive benefits of oral contraceptive | regulation of length of meses sycle, decreased menstrual flow, protection against endometrial and ovarian cancers and reduced risk ofendometriosis. |
| People who should not use oral contraceptives | hx of blood clotting disorders, cerebral blood vessel damage, migraine HA, hypertension, liver malfunction, and heart disease. |
| Combined pill | Contains progesterin and estrogens. Typically taken 3 weeks to prevent pregnancy and regulate menstrual cycle. pills taken in fourth week are inactive. |
| Seasonale | Contains progestin and estrogens. taken in 3-month cycles of 12 weeks of pills followed by 1 week of inactive pills. |
| Minipill | Only contains progestin |
| Contraceptive skin patch | contains progestin and estrogens delivered in a skin patch placed on the skin once a week for 3 weeks. |
| Vaginal contraceptive ring | flexible doughnut-shaped ring that contains estrogens and progesterone and is inserted i/o the vagina. |
| Emergency contraception | consists of progestin and estrogens to prevent pregnancy after unprotected sexual intercourse |
| hormone injections | injectable progestin given IM every 3 months. |
| Intrauterine devices | Small object made of plastic, copper, or stainless steel that is inserted i/t the cavity of the uterus. it blocks sperm from entering the uterine tubes. |
| Spermicieds | Make the vagina and cervix unfavorable for sperm survival. |
| Barrier methods | Use a physical barrier and are designed to prevent sperm from gaining access to uterine cavity and uterine tubes. May also provide protection from STD's |
| Male condom | nonporus, latex covering placed over the penis that prevents deposition of sperm in the female reproductive tract. |
| Vaginal pouch | prevents sperm from entering the uterus. |
| Diaphragm | rubber, dome-shaped structure that fits over the cervix and used in conjunction with a spermicide. |
| Cervical cap | fits snugly over the cervix. should be used with a spermicide. |
| Periodic Abstinence | Using knowledge of physiological changes to plan with to have intercourse |
| Rhythm method of periodic abstinence | involves abstaining from sexual activity on the days that ovulation is likely to occur. |
| Sympto-thermal method of periodic abstinence | Couples know the signs of fertility and can have intercourse at the optimal times |
| Signs of ovulation | 1. increased basal body temp. 2. production of abundant clear, stretchy cervical mucus. 3. pain associated with ovulation(mitterlshmerz) |
| Abortion | Premature expulsion of the products of contraception from the uterus before the 20th week of pregnancy |
| Spontaneous abortion | naturally occurring. miscarriage |
| Induced abortion | intentionally performed |
| Mifepristone abortions | antioprogestin. block the action of progesterone by binding to and blocking progesterone receptors. |
| Vacuum aspiration | can be performed up to the 16th week of pregnancy. the embryo of fetus, placenta, and lining of the uterus is removed by suction. |
| Where do the gonads develop from? | intermediate mesodurm |
| dihydrotestosterone(DHT) | stimulates the growth of the urethra, prostate, and external genitals. |
| Puberty | the period when secondary sexual characteristics begin to develop and the potential for reproduction is reached. the onset is marked by pulses of LH and FSH, triggered by a pulse of GnRH. |
| Menarche | the first menses |
| menopause | the permanent cessation of menses. |
| s/s of menopause | hot flashes, heavy sweating, HA, hair loss, muscular pains, vaginal dryness, insomnia, depression, weight gain, and mood swings. d/t loss of estrogens, may also experience decrease in bone mineral density. |
| Benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH) | enlargemnt of the prostat to 2 to 4 times its normal size. decreases the size of the prostatic urethra. s/s frequent urination, nocturia, hesitancy in urination, decreased force of urinary stream, postvoiding dribbling, and incomplete emptying. |
| Testicular cancer | most common in males between 20 and 35. 95% of cancers arise from spermatogenic cells w/in the seminiferous tubules. Early detection by self-inspection of testicles once a month. |
| Acute prostatitis | prostate becomes warm and swollen |
| Chronic prostatitis | one of most common chronic infections in men in med-later years. prostate feels enlarged, soft, and very tender. |
| Prostate cancer | Leading cause of cancer in men in the U.S. Amt of PSA increases with enlargement of the prostate and may indicate infection, benign enlargement, or prostate cancer. Should have digital rectal exam and blood work to measure level of PSA. |
| Erectile dysfunction | consistent inability of an adult male to ejaculate or to attain or hold an erection long enough for sexual intercourse. may be caused by insufficient amt of nitric oxide, diabettes mellitus, systemic disorders, neurological disorder, surgery, drugs. etc. |
| Premenstrual syndrome(PMS) | a cyclical disorder of sever physical and emotional distress that appears during the postovulatory phase of female cycle and dramatically disappears when menstruation begins. |
| Prementrual dysphric disorder(PMDD) | more sever syndrome in which PMS-like s/s do not resolve after the onset of menstruation. may be cause by abnormal responses to normal levels of these ovarian hormones. |
| Endometriosis | growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus. s/s premenstrual pain, unusually severe menstrual pain |
| Breast cancer | second-leading cause of cancer death in U.S. women. |
| Ovarian cancer | 6th most common form of cancer in females. r/f age, family hx of ovarian cancer, >40 years of active ovulation, nulliparity or 1st pregnancy after age 30, a high-fat, low-fiber, vit. A def. diet, prolonged exposure to asbestos or talc. |
| Cervical cancer | Is most easily detected with a pap smear. |
| Vulvovaginal candidiasis | characterized by severe itching, thick, yellow, cheesy discharge, yeasty odor, and pain. Yeast infection. |
| Sexually Transmitted disease.(STD) | A disease that is spread by sexual contact. huge prevalence in US. |
| Chlamydia | STD caused by chlamydia trachomatis. is the most prevelent STD in the US. initial infection is asymptomatic. |
| Gonorrhea | caused by bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. transmitted by discharge either during sexual contact of during the passage of a newborn through the birth canal. |
| Syphilis | transmitted through sexual contact or exchange of blood, or through the placenta to a fetus. Disease progresses through several stages. the infection spreads to all body systems and degenerates organs. |
| Neurosyphilis | Syphilis that involves the nervous system. may be bedridden, incontinent, unable to feed themselves, memory loss, personality changes. |
| Genital Herpes | in curable STD. causes genital infections, painful blisters in the prepuce, glands penis, and penile shaft in males and vulva or high vagina in females. HSV-1 causes cold sores on mouth and lips. |
| Genital Warts(HPV) | infectious disease caused by viruses. HPV is commonly transmitted sexually. there is no cure for genital warts. pts. with them may be at increased risk for cancers. |
Created by:
daisywiz
Popular Biology sets