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Chapter 15 A&P
The Special Senses - Vision and Hearing
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Olfaction refers to what kind of sense? | Sense of smell |
| Olfactory neurons in the olfactory epithelium are what kind of neurons? | Bipolar neurons |
| Describe the distal ends of of the olfactory neurons. | Distal ends are enlarged as olfactory vesicles; which have long cilia (respond to chemicals) |
| What is the neuronal pathway for olfaction? | Axons from the olfactory neurons extend as olfactory nerves to the olfactory bulb, to the olfactory tracts. The olfactory tracts terminate in the olfactory cortex in temporal lobe or 2nd olfactory areas of frontal lobe |
| What is the olfactory cortex involved in? | In the conscious perception of smell |
| What is the intermediate olfactory area involved in? | Modulating smell (interpreting the smell) |
| What is the medial olfactory area involved in? | With visceral and emotional responses to smell |
| What are taste buds associated with? | Vallate, foliate, and fungiform papillae |
| T or F? Filiform papillae do not have taste buds. | True |
| What do the receptors on the taste hair detect? | Tastants |
| What are the five basic types of taste? | Salty, sour, sweet, bitter, and umami (savory) |
| What is the neuronal pathway for taste? | Facial nerve carries taste sensations from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue, the glossopharyngeal nerve from the posterior 1/3 tongue, and the vague nerve from the epiglottis |
| How far do the neural pathways for taste extend? | From the medulla oblongata to the thalamus and to the cerebral cortex |
| How do eyebrows aid in the functioning of the eyes? | Prevent perspiration from entering the eyes and help shade the eyes |
| How do the eyelids aid in the functioning of the eyes? | Protect the eyes from foreign objects and help lubricate the eyes by spreading tears over their surface |
| How does the conjunctiva aid in the functioning of the eyes? | Covers the inner eyelid and the anterior part of the eye |
| What do the lacrimal glands aid in the functioning of the eyes? | Produce tears, which flow across the surface of the eye. Tears lubricate and protect the eye. |
| What do the extrinsic eye muscles? | Move the eyeball |
| The outer fibrous tunic of the eyeball is comprised of what? | Sclera and the cornea |
| What does the middle vascular tunic contain? | Blood vessels, pigment cells, including the anterior colored portion, the iris surrounded by and attached to the ciliary body and the choroid which is associated with the sclera of the fibrous tunic |
| What does the inner nervous tunic contain? | The double-layered retina. Its inner neural layer contains the photoreceptor cells and numerous relay neurons to the optic nerve |
| What is the fovea centralis? | The region of the retina where light is most focused when eye is looking directly at object, contains only cones; cells are closely packed; where greatest visual acuity occurs |
| What is the optic disc? | Region where no rods or cones are present; "blind spot" |
| Where does the anterior chamber of the eye lie? | Between the cornea and the iris |
| Where does the posterior chamber of the eye lie? | Between the iris and the lens |
| What fluid fills both the anterior and posterior chambers? | Filled with AQUEOUS HUMOR - which maintains intraocular pressure, refracts light and provides nutrition for the cornea |
| What happens if the aqueous humor cannot circulate properly? | Glaucoma can occur |
| What fills the much larger VITREOUS CHAMBER? | Jelly-like vitreous humor - which helps maintain intraocular pressure, holds the lens and retina in place, and refracts light |
| What kind of proteins are in the transparent, biconvex lens? | Crystallines |
| What covers the lens and what ligaments are in the lens? | Covered by an elastic transparent capsule, and is suspended in position by suspensory ligaments connected to the ciliary body |
| What do the muscles of the ciliary body do? | Adjust lens curvature (and thus refraction) by relaxing for distance vision and contracting to thicken the lens for near-vision focusing |
| T or F? The retinal outer layer is pigmented. | True |
| How does light enter the eyeball? | The iris allows light into the eye thru the pupil, and the lens, cornea, and humors focus the light onto the retina. The light striking the retina is converted into action potentials, which are relayed to the brain |
| What is the role of the pigmented layer of the retina? | Provides a black matrix that enhances visual acuity by isolating individual photoreceptors and reduce light scattering (not strictly necessary for vision, in case of albinism) |
| What is in the inner neural layer of the retina? | The inner neural layer is sensory consists of sublayers (photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells) |
| What is the role of the rods? | Vision under reduced light; disks contain Rhodopsin (Opsin and Retinal) |
| What is the role of the cones? | Color vision and acuity; disks contain lodopsin (Photopsin and Retinal) |
| How are optic nerves formed? | The rods and cones synapse with bipolar cells, which in turn synapse with ganglion cells to form optic nerves |
| What is the pathway of light through the eye? | Cornea - aqueous humor - pupil - lens - vitreous humor - retina - photoreceptor, where photopigments are activated |
| What is the photoreceptor response to light? | Hyperpolarization and closure of the Na+ channels |
| What is the physiology of vision: photoreceptors to visual processing brain regions? | Image on retina stimulates photoreceptors; transmitted to bipolar cells; to ganglionic cells; to optic nerve; thru optic chiasma; to thalamus; to occiptal lobe of the cerebrum |
| What is binocular vision? | Visual fields partially overlap yielding depth perception |
| What structures are part of the external ear? | AURICLE/pinna and external auditory meatus, ends at the tympanic membrane |
| What structures are part of the middle ear? | Contains the auditory ossicles (meatus, incus, stapes); passageway to pharynx (Eustachian tube or auditory tube); communicates to inner ear via the oval window |
| What does the osseous labyrinth contain? | PERILYMPH; COCHLEA - hearing; VESTIBULE - balance; three semicircular canals for balance |
| what does the membranous labyrinth contain? | Membrane-bound tunnels and chambers contained within the body labyrinth; fluid ENDOLYMPH |
| What is the cochlea? | Snail-shaped organ with two and a half turns around a central bony pillar (modiolus); has three chambers |
| What is the upper chamber of the cochlea? | Scala vestibuli; contain PERILYMPH; extends from oval window to cochlear apex |
| What is the lower chamber of the cochlea? | Scala tympani; contain PERILYMPH; extends from cochlear apex to round window |
| What is the middle chamber of the cochlea? | Scala media, the cochlear duct; ENDOLYMPH; houses the hearing sensory receptors, the SPIRAL ORGAN |
| Function of the vestibular (Reissner's) membrane? | Separates the scala vestibuli from the cochlear duct |
| Function of the basilar membrane? | Separates the scala tympani from the cochlear duct; SPIRAL ORGAN (organ of Corti) sits on top; its thickness increases along its length |
| Function of the tectorial membrane? | Located within the cochlear duct; projects above the organ of Corti and is in contact with hair cell tips |
Created by:
nnguye42
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